The Effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at Weiwanxiashu (EX-B3) and Zusanli (ST 36) points on blood glucose (BG) and plasma pancreatic glucagon (PG) contents were dynamically observed in diabetic rabbits induced by All...The Effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at Weiwanxiashu (EX-B3) and Zusanli (ST 36) points on blood glucose (BG) and plasma pancreatic glucagon (PG) contents were dynamically observed in diabetic rabbits induced by Alloxan. It is found that acupuncture at Weiwanxiashu point can significantly lower the BG content and inhibit release of PG; no significant changes in BG and PG are found when acupuncture is given at Zusanli (ST 36) point alone, however BG and PG contents decrease more obviously when acupuncture employed at both Zusanli and Weiwanxiashu, suggesting that Zusanli has a marked synergetic action with Weiwanxiashu.展开更多
Background： The aim of this study was to compare 6 weeks short-term moderate intensity aerobic exercise and dieting on serum metabolomics and cardio-metabolic risk factors in pre-menopausal women. Methods： Ninety pr...Background： The aim of this study was to compare 6 weeks short-term moderate intensity aerobic exercise and dieting on serum metabolomics and cardio-metabolic risk factors in pre-menopausal women. Methods： Ninety previously inactive overweight and obese （BMI 25-35 kg/m2） women （age 41.5 ± 7.6 years） were randomized to either a 6-week Nordic walking exercise program （EX, n = 45） or dietary counseling group （DI, n = 45）. Body composition, serum glucose, insulin and lipids were measured. Serum low-molecular-weight metabolites and lipid constituents were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Measurements were done at baseline and 7 days after the last training session. Results： Six weeks aerobic exercise program yielded reductions in serum free fatty acids （-34.7%, 95% confidence interval （CI）, -50 to -18, p 〈 0.001）, glucose （-9.6%, 95%CI, -15 to -4, p 〈 0.001） and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） （-28.7%, 95%CI, -48 to -10, p = 0.005） without changes in body weight or fat mass. Diet counseling resulted in loss of body weight （1.5%, 95%CI, -2.3 to -0.7, p = 0.001） but no changes in free fatty acids, fasting glucose, or HOMA-IR were found. Conclusion： Our results indicate that small weight loss does not produce measurable health benefits, whereas short-term regular aerobic exercise can improve glucose and lipid metabolism even in the absence of weight loss in previously sedentary overweight and obese women.展开更多
The aim of presented study was to determine the behavioural response of precopulatory pairs of Gammarus tigrinus exposed to the 17α-ethinylestradiol （EE2）. It was hypothesized that 17α-ethinylestradiol would incre...The aim of presented study was to determine the behavioural response of precopulatory pairs of Gammarus tigrinus exposed to the 17α-ethinylestradiol （EE2）. It was hypothesized that 17α-ethinylestradiol would increase the time needed for a male to re-capture a female. Hypothesis was tested in a laboratory with 20 precopula pairs exposed to different treatment conditions. Paired animals were exposed to two different compound concentrations of 50 ng·L-1 and 500 ng·L-1. The control and solvent control was artificial sea water and artificial sea water with ethanol （the diluent for EE2）. The couples were tested several times under different experimental treatments. The obtained results indicate that EE2 affects the precopulatory mate guarding behaviour of Gammarus tigrinus. EE2 in concentration of 50 ng·L-1 and 500 ng·L-1 prolonged the time needed for re-pairing. However, relative to the controls only EE2 in concentration of 500 ng·L-1 significantly prolonged the time needed for male-female re-coupling. In summary, EE2 affects the reproductive behaviour of Gammarus tigrinus.展开更多
Objective:To analyze the effect of acupuncture versus hormone replacement therapy(HRT)for premature ovarian insufficiency(POI).Methods:China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text D...Objective:To analyze the effect of acupuncture versus hormone replacement therapy(HRT)for premature ovarian insufficiency(POI).Methods:China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database(Wanfang),Chongqing VIP Database(CQVIP),China Biology Medicine Disc(CBM),Web of Science,Cochrane Library,PubMed,and Excerpta Medica Database(EMBASE)were searched up to January 31st,2019 to identify randomized controlled trials(RCTs)evaluating the effect of acupuncture for POI.The primary outcome was the level of basal serum follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH).Secondary outcomes included serum levels of luteinizing hormone(LH),estradiol(E2)and anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH).Two authors extracted data independently and assessed the risk of bias and the methodological quality using the Cochrane's tool.Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan version 5.3.Results:Eight eligible RCTs with a total of 496 POI patients were included in the meta-analysis.The pooled results showed that there was a significant reduction in the basal serum FSH level(MD=-5.82,95%CI:-9.76 to-1.87,I2=82%,P=0.004)and a remarkable elevation in the basal E2 level(SMD=0.93,95%CI:0.34 to 1.52,I2=88%,P=0.002)in the acupuncture group when compared with the control.Subgroup analysis showed that compared with HRT,a significant decrease in the FSH level was observed in both acupuncture alone(MD=-4.53,95%CI:-8.96 to-0.10,I2=73%,P=0.04)and acupuncture plus HRT(MD=-9.60,95%CI:-17.60 to-1.61,I2=50%,P=0.02),while a remarkable elevation of E2 was only found in acupuncture plus HRT(SMD=1.43,95%CI:1.03 to 1.82,I2=0%,P<0.00001).There was no significant difference in the LH level between acupuncture and HRT(MD=-3.16,95%CI:-9.41 to 3.10,I2=0%,P=0.32),only one trial reported AMH,and no significant difference was found between acupuncture and HRT.Conclusion:The present study indicated that acupuncture had an advantage over HRT in reducing serum FSH level and increasing serum E2 level in women with POI.However,evidence supporting the finding is limited due to the small sample size,potential methodological flaws and significant heterogeneity.Hence,this conclusion still needs to be verified by high-quality RCTs.展开更多
Both inter- and intrasexual selection have been implicated in the origin and maintenance of species-rich taxa with di- verse sexual traits. Simultaneous disruptive selection by female mate choice and male-male competi...Both inter- and intrasexual selection have been implicated in the origin and maintenance of species-rich taxa with di- verse sexual traits. Simultaneous disruptive selection by female mate choice and male-male competition can, in theory, lead to ~,;peciation without geographical isolation if both act on the same male trait. Female mate choice can generate discontinuities in gene flow, while male-male competition can generate negative frequency-dependent selection stabilizing the male trait polymor- phism. Speciation may be facilitated when mating preference and/or aggression bias are physically linked to the trait they operate on. We tested for genetic associations among female mating preference, male aggression bias and male coloration in the Lake Victoria cichlid Pundamilia. We crossed females from a phenotypically variable population with males from both extreme ends of the phenotype distribution in the same population （blue or red）. Male offspring of a red sire were significantly redder than males of a blue sire, indicating that intra-population variation in male coloration is heritable. We tested mating preferences of female offspring and aggression biases of male offspring using binary choice tests. There was no evidence for associations at the family level between female mating preferences and coloration of sires, but dam identity had a significant effect on female mate prefe- rence. Sons of the red sire directed significantly more aggression to red than blue males, whereas sons of the blue sire did not show any bias. There was a positive correlation among individuals between male aggression bias and body coloration, possibly due to pleiotropy or physical linkage, which could facilitate the maintenance of color polymorphism [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 221-229, 2013].展开更多
Meiotic drivers distort transmission to the next generation in their favor, with detrimental effects on the fitness of their homologues and the rest of the genome. Male carriers of meiotic drivers commonly inflict cos...Meiotic drivers distort transmission to the next generation in their favor, with detrimental effects on the fitness of their homologues and the rest of the genome. Male carriers of meiotic drivers commonly inflict costs on their mates through genetic incompatibility, reduced fecundity, or biased brood sex ratios. Given these costs, evidence for female discrimination against male carriers is surprisingly rare. One of few examples is the t haplotype in house mice, a meiotic driver that shows strong transmission distortion in males and is typically homozygote lethal. As a consequence, mating between 2 t heterozygous （＋/t） mice leads to high embryo mortality. Previous experiments showing that＋/t females avoid this incompatibility cost by preferring ＋/＋ versus ＋/t males have inferred preference based on olfactory cues or brief social interactions. Evidence from mating contexts in laboratory settings and semi-natural populations has been inconclusive. Here, we investigated female choice from a large number of no-choice mating trials. We found no evidence for discrimination against＋/t males based on mating, remating, and copulatory behavior. Further, we found no evidence for avoidance of incompatibility through selective interactions between game- tes. The likelihood of mating showed significant effects of female weight and genotype, suggesting that our test paradigm enabled females to exhibit mate choice. We discuss the strengths and limitations of our approach. By explicitly considering selection at both the individual and gene level, we argue why precopulatory female discrimination by＋/t females may be less evolutionarily stable than discrimination by all females based on postcopulatory mechanisms.展开更多
Sexual selection is widespread if not ubiquitous in hermaphroditic organisms. Although many phenomena that have been described as sexual selection in gonochores, （e.g. harem polygamy, multiple mating, elaborate court...Sexual selection is widespread if not ubiquitous in hermaphroditic organisms. Although many phenomena that have been described as sexual selection in gonochores, （e.g. harem polygamy, multiple mating, elaborate courtship, even secondary sexual characters） can be found in some hermaphrodites, what is more interesting is the ways in which sexual selection in her- maphrodites may differ from dioecious taxa. In hermaphrodites, an individual＇s mating success includes its success from both sexual roles. Secondly, in many simultaneously hermaphroditic taxa there is strong evidence of sexual selection and yet the ope- rational sex ratio is 1：1, by definition. Many simultaneous hermaphrodites have elaborate courtship and genital anatomy, suggest- ing sexual selection plays an important role in reproductive success. Sperm competition and cryptic female choice mean that the number of mates acquired is not necessarily a predictor of reproductive success. Even in simultaneous hermaphrodites with re- ciprocal mating, variance in reproductive success through the male role and through the female role may differ in a population. Moreover hermaphrodites may choose to emphasize one sexual role over the other. Data suggest that the preferred role varies in hermaphrodites, which creates an opportunity to test fundamental predictions and assumptions of sexual selection theory. Hermaphrodites may vary their emphasis on one sexual role over the other either developmentally or behaviorally in response to environmental or social parameters. How they use this capability in acquiring more or higher quality mates still requires study展开更多
文摘The Effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at Weiwanxiashu (EX-B3) and Zusanli (ST 36) points on blood glucose (BG) and plasma pancreatic glucagon (PG) contents were dynamically observed in diabetic rabbits induced by Alloxan. It is found that acupuncture at Weiwanxiashu point can significantly lower the BG content and inhibit release of PG; no significant changes in BG and PG are found when acupuncture is given at Zusanli (ST 36) point alone, however BG and PG contents decrease more obviously when acupuncture employed at both Zusanli and Weiwanxiashu, suggesting that Zusanli has a marked synergetic action with Weiwanxiashu.
基金supported by Suunto Oy(Grant 28.5.2009)University of Jyvaskyla Wellness program+1 种基金the Shanghai Overseas Distinguished Professor Award Program 2013the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology,China National Science and Technology Infrastructure Program 2012(Grant 2012BAK21B03-4)
文摘Background： The aim of this study was to compare 6 weeks short-term moderate intensity aerobic exercise and dieting on serum metabolomics and cardio-metabolic risk factors in pre-menopausal women. Methods： Ninety previously inactive overweight and obese （BMI 25-35 kg/m2） women （age 41.5 ± 7.6 years） were randomized to either a 6-week Nordic walking exercise program （EX, n = 45） or dietary counseling group （DI, n = 45）. Body composition, serum glucose, insulin and lipids were measured. Serum low-molecular-weight metabolites and lipid constituents were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Measurements were done at baseline and 7 days after the last training session. Results： Six weeks aerobic exercise program yielded reductions in serum free fatty acids （-34.7%, 95% confidence interval （CI）, -50 to -18, p 〈 0.001）, glucose （-9.6%, 95%CI, -15 to -4, p 〈 0.001） and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） （-28.7%, 95%CI, -48 to -10, p = 0.005） without changes in body weight or fat mass. Diet counseling resulted in loss of body weight （1.5%, 95%CI, -2.3 to -0.7, p = 0.001） but no changes in free fatty acids, fasting glucose, or HOMA-IR were found. Conclusion： Our results indicate that small weight loss does not produce measurable health benefits, whereas short-term regular aerobic exercise can improve glucose and lipid metabolism even in the absence of weight loss in previously sedentary overweight and obese women.
文摘The aim of presented study was to determine the behavioural response of precopulatory pairs of Gammarus tigrinus exposed to the 17α-ethinylestradiol （EE2）. It was hypothesized that 17α-ethinylestradiol would increase the time needed for a male to re-capture a female. Hypothesis was tested in a laboratory with 20 precopula pairs exposed to different treatment conditions. Paired animals were exposed to two different compound concentrations of 50 ng·L-1 and 500 ng·L-1. The control and solvent control was artificial sea water and artificial sea water with ethanol （the diluent for EE2）. The couples were tested several times under different experimental treatments. The obtained results indicate that EE2 affects the precopulatory mate guarding behaviour of Gammarus tigrinus. EE2 in concentration of 50 ng·L-1 and 500 ng·L-1 prolonged the time needed for re-pairing. However, relative to the controls only EE2 in concentration of 500 ng·L-1 significantly prolonged the time needed for male-female re-coupling. In summary, EE2 affects the reproductive behaviour of Gammarus tigrinus.
文摘Objective:To analyze the effect of acupuncture versus hormone replacement therapy(HRT)for premature ovarian insufficiency(POI).Methods:China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database(Wanfang),Chongqing VIP Database(CQVIP),China Biology Medicine Disc(CBM),Web of Science,Cochrane Library,PubMed,and Excerpta Medica Database(EMBASE)were searched up to January 31st,2019 to identify randomized controlled trials(RCTs)evaluating the effect of acupuncture for POI.The primary outcome was the level of basal serum follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH).Secondary outcomes included serum levels of luteinizing hormone(LH),estradiol(E2)and anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH).Two authors extracted data independently and assessed the risk of bias and the methodological quality using the Cochrane's tool.Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan version 5.3.Results:Eight eligible RCTs with a total of 496 POI patients were included in the meta-analysis.The pooled results showed that there was a significant reduction in the basal serum FSH level(MD=-5.82,95%CI:-9.76 to-1.87,I2=82%,P=0.004)and a remarkable elevation in the basal E2 level(SMD=0.93,95%CI:0.34 to 1.52,I2=88%,P=0.002)in the acupuncture group when compared with the control.Subgroup analysis showed that compared with HRT,a significant decrease in the FSH level was observed in both acupuncture alone(MD=-4.53,95%CI:-8.96 to-0.10,I2=73%,P=0.04)and acupuncture plus HRT(MD=-9.60,95%CI:-17.60 to-1.61,I2=50%,P=0.02),while a remarkable elevation of E2 was only found in acupuncture plus HRT(SMD=1.43,95%CI:1.03 to 1.82,I2=0%,P<0.00001).There was no significant difference in the LH level between acupuncture and HRT(MD=-3.16,95%CI:-9.41 to 3.10,I2=0%,P=0.32),only one trial reported AMH,and no significant difference was found between acupuncture and HRT.Conclusion:The present study indicated that acupuncture had an advantage over HRT in reducing serum FSH level and increasing serum E2 level in women with POI.However,evidence supporting the finding is limited due to the small sample size,potential methodological flaws and significant heterogeneity.Hence,this conclusion still needs to be verified by high-quality RCTs.
文摘Both inter- and intrasexual selection have been implicated in the origin and maintenance of species-rich taxa with di- verse sexual traits. Simultaneous disruptive selection by female mate choice and male-male competition can, in theory, lead to ~,;peciation without geographical isolation if both act on the same male trait. Female mate choice can generate discontinuities in gene flow, while male-male competition can generate negative frequency-dependent selection stabilizing the male trait polymor- phism. Speciation may be facilitated when mating preference and/or aggression bias are physically linked to the trait they operate on. We tested for genetic associations among female mating preference, male aggression bias and male coloration in the Lake Victoria cichlid Pundamilia. We crossed females from a phenotypically variable population with males from both extreme ends of the phenotype distribution in the same population （blue or red）. Male offspring of a red sire were significantly redder than males of a blue sire, indicating that intra-population variation in male coloration is heritable. We tested mating preferences of female offspring and aggression biases of male offspring using binary choice tests. There was no evidence for associations at the family level between female mating preferences and coloration of sires, but dam identity had a significant effect on female mate prefe- rence. Sons of the red sire directed significantly more aggression to red than blue males, whereas sons of the blue sire did not show any bias. There was a positive correlation among individuals between male aggression bias and body coloration, possibly due to pleiotropy or physical linkage, which could facilitate the maintenance of color polymorphism [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 221-229, 2013].
基金Acknowledgments We thank Jari Garbely for DNA extraction and genotyping, Gabi Stichel and Sally Steinert for assistance with animal husbandry, Kerstin Musolf for advice on oestrus stage determination, and Barbara Konig for support. We also thank Andri Manser for helpful discussions and Laura Travers and 2 anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.This study was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Grant 138389.
文摘Meiotic drivers distort transmission to the next generation in their favor, with detrimental effects on the fitness of their homologues and the rest of the genome. Male carriers of meiotic drivers commonly inflict costs on their mates through genetic incompatibility, reduced fecundity, or biased brood sex ratios. Given these costs, evidence for female discrimination against male carriers is surprisingly rare. One of few examples is the t haplotype in house mice, a meiotic driver that shows strong transmission distortion in males and is typically homozygote lethal. As a consequence, mating between 2 t heterozygous （＋/t） mice leads to high embryo mortality. Previous experiments showing that＋/t females avoid this incompatibility cost by preferring ＋/＋ versus ＋/t males have inferred preference based on olfactory cues or brief social interactions. Evidence from mating contexts in laboratory settings and semi-natural populations has been inconclusive. Here, we investigated female choice from a large number of no-choice mating trials. We found no evidence for discrimination against＋/t males based on mating, remating, and copulatory behavior. Further, we found no evidence for avoidance of incompatibility through selective interactions between game- tes. The likelihood of mating showed significant effects of female weight and genotype, suggesting that our test paradigm enabled females to exhibit mate choice. We discuss the strengths and limitations of our approach. By explicitly considering selection at both the individual and gene level, we argue why precopulatory female discrimination by＋/t females may be less evolutionarily stable than discrimination by all females based on postcopulatory mechanisms.
文摘Sexual selection is widespread if not ubiquitous in hermaphroditic organisms. Although many phenomena that have been described as sexual selection in gonochores, （e.g. harem polygamy, multiple mating, elaborate courtship, even secondary sexual characters） can be found in some hermaphrodites, what is more interesting is the ways in which sexual selection in her- maphrodites may differ from dioecious taxa. In hermaphrodites, an individual＇s mating success includes its success from both sexual roles. Secondly, in many simultaneously hermaphroditic taxa there is strong evidence of sexual selection and yet the ope- rational sex ratio is 1：1, by definition. Many simultaneous hermaphrodites have elaborate courtship and genital anatomy, suggest- ing sexual selection plays an important role in reproductive success. Sperm competition and cryptic female choice mean that the number of mates acquired is not necessarily a predictor of reproductive success. Even in simultaneous hermaphrodites with re- ciprocal mating, variance in reproductive success through the male role and through the female role may differ in a population. Moreover hermaphrodites may choose to emphasize one sexual role over the other. Data suggest that the preferred role varies in hermaphrodites, which creates an opportunity to test fundamental predictions and assumptions of sexual selection theory. Hermaphrodites may vary their emphasis on one sexual role over the other either developmentally or behaviorally in response to environmental or social parameters. How they use this capability in acquiring more or higher quality mates still requires study
