宁夏沙地增施奶牛粪肥对玉米生长及增产效应的研究

宁夏西北贫瘠沙地养分不足,限制了玉米的生长,利用周边养殖场的奶牛粪肥可有效改善土壤质量,促进玉米的健康生长和产量形成。掌握合理的农田粪污消纳能力,既可促进农田生产能力的提高,又可实现玉米生产的最大效益。以饲料玉米"绿博6号"为研究对象,在水肥一体化滴灌追肥的前提下分别基施3750(T1)、7500(T2)、11250(T3)、15000 kg·hm^(-2)(T4)的奶牛粪肥,以不施肥为对照(CK)。结果表明,增施奶牛粪肥后玉米株高及茎粗较CK分别增长27.50%~41.08%及50.00%~61.36%;施用15000 kg·hm^(-2)时,玉米株高及茎粗增幅最大;施用奶牛粪肥对玉米抽雄期光合特性有显著的作用,净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_(2)浓度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素较CK分别增加1.42%~15.49%、40%~60%、29.02%~65.70%、21.73%~55.59%、12.79%~44.23%;施用15000 kg·hm^(-2)时,玉米抽雄期光合参数表现较为突出;施用11250 kg·hm^(-2)时玉米根系发育最好,鲜根重、总根长、根表面积、根系直径、根体积较CK分别增长115.80%、103.78%、104.06%、4.63%、101.83%;增施粪肥对玉米农艺性状有显著性作用,穗行数、行粒数、穗长、穗粗较对照分别增加20.03%~30.00%、14.63%~31.49%、28.16%~50.74%、62.57%~72.28%,秃尖长较CK降低39.88%~53.99%;施用11250 kg·hm^(-2)时,行粒数、穗长、穗粗及秃尖长表现最好;施用奶牛粪肥显著增加了玉米穗粒数和百粒重,各施粪肥处理穗粒数之间无显著差异,产量为11878.95~18897.90 kg·hm^(-2),较CK增产63.85%~160.67%,经济效益增加166.53%~401.90%;沙地玉米田有必要通过补充适宜的有机质用于改善土壤的同时促进玉米产量的提升,从综合施肥成本和效益来看,在宁夏沙地玉米增施11250 kg·hm^(-2)的奶牛粪肥即可有效消纳养殖粪污,还可促进当地玉米的优质高效生产。

粪肥堆腐过程中有机酸的变化

通过模拟试验研究了鸡粪和奶牛粪肥堆腐过程中有机酸的种类、含量和变化规律。结果表明 ,鸡粪腐熟过程中会形成和累积大量的有机酸 ,在堆腐的第 5周 ,最高含量可达 88 2cmol/kg ,DW ;不挥发性有机酸在堆腐的第 3周和第 5周分别达到两个高峰 ,挥发性有机酸在第 6周和第 9周分别达到高峰 ,到第 9周后 ,鸡粪中的有机酸大大降低。鸡粪中除了存在大量的芳香酸如苯二酸及其衍生物外 ,在堆腐的过程中还有大量的丁二酸及其衍生物等多元脂肪酸生成。奶牛粪肥的有机酸以不挥发性有机酸为主 ,总酸量最高可达 2 9 38cmol/kg ,DW ;奶牛粪肥中的不挥发有机酸主要是苯二羧酸的衍生物和长链脂肪酸。堆腐过程中有机酸的种类和数量变化较大。堆腐的第 6周 。

Effects of Dairy Cattle Manure and Chemical Fertilizers on Fertility of Soils Grown with Cichorium intybus

[Objective] The aim was to explore recycling utilization of manure of dairy cattle through returning of manures into fields. [Method] Effects of dairy cattle ma- nure and chemical fertilizer on fertility of soils grown with Cichorium intybus were in- vestigated through a pot experiment. [Result] After manure of dairy cattle was ap- plied, it can be concluded that organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable ni- trogen, available P, activities of urease and invertase in soils increased by 0.14-1.28 times, 43.8%-79.7%, 17.4%-30.8%, 147%-188%, 7 times, 17.2%-38.5%, and 1.36%- 3.34%, respectively. Furthermore, organic matter, total N. urease and invertase activi- ties in group of M7F3 increased most; total P and available P achieved the best in group of M3F7. These indicated that the applied manures of dairy cattle would maintain and improve soil fertility, providing better soils for Cichorium intybus. [Conclusion] The research provides reference for recycling of cattle manures and construction of ecological cyclical pattern of ＂grass planting-cattle breeding-methane fermentation-returning of manures into fields＂.

The Enhancement of Melon Fruit Quality by Application of the Fertilizer and Gibberellin

Generally, the diameter of organic melon fruit relatively short （the fruit is small）, weight of fruit just as big as 1.25-1.49 kg only, while weight of inorganic melon fruit can reach 2-3 kg. The research was conducted by experiment method with the aim to enhance quality of the organic melon fruit. Experiment I is： N, P and K fertilizer solution concentration as main plot （0, 20, 30, and 40 g L^-1） and dose of cow manure fertilizer as sub plot （0, 10, 15, and 20 ton hal） （there are 16 treatment combinations）. Experiment II is kinds of dung as main plot （chicken, cow, and goat） and dose of fertilizer as sub plot （20, 25, and 30 ton hat） （there are 9 treatment combinations）. Experiment III is dose of cow manure fertilizer as main plot （15, 20, 25, and 30 ton hal） and gibberellins concentration as sub plot （0, 30, 60, and 120 ppm） and （there are 16 treatment combinations）. Each of the treatment combination replicated 3 times. The result showed that chicken, cow, and goats manure can be used in organic cultivation of melons, and cow manure has the highest potential. The role of the dose is relatively low in plant growth, but to improve the quality of fruit need dose of 10-15 tons hat. The addition of inorganic NPK fertilizer solution or use of gibberellins can increase growth and fruit quality of melon （the used of gibberellins are recommended）.