新疆出土佉卢文书中所见收养人给付送养人“奶费”现象管窥

新疆地区出土的佉卢文书反映出公元三至五世纪的南疆地区存在着收养子女的现象。而收养子女并非是无条件的,收养人需要支付一定的"奶费"给送养人。奶费的支付说明:收养子女是一种交易行为,并受到国家法律的保护;养子女被收养之后,与本生之家要彻底脱离关系,完全归属于收养人。收养双方经济利益上的联系也使收养行为变得较为慎重。用于支付的奶费都是一些实物如牲畜,这一方面表明南疆地区畜牧业的发展状况,另一方面表明实物交换方式依然是该时期社会经济生活中的主流现象。

Prevalence of lactase persistent/non-persistent genotypes and milk consumption in a young population in north-west Russia

AIM： TO estimate the prevalence of the lactase non-persistent genotype （C/C-23910） in a northern Russian population in accordance with ethnicity, and to evaluate self-reported milk consumption depending on lactase activity. METHODS： Blood samples for genotyping lactase activity, defining the C/T-13910 variant by polymerase chain reaction, and direct sequencing were taken from 231 medical students of Russian origin aged 17-26 years. We analyzed milk product consumption by questionnaire which was specially designed for the estimation of milk consumption and abdominal complaints. RESULTS： We found that the prevalence of the C/C-13190 genotype in the northern Russian population was 35.6%. The other genotypes nearby C/T-13910 and associated with lactase activity were not present in the study population. The consumption of milk among people with the non-persistent genotype tended to be lower than among the lactose tolerant subjects, but was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION： An investigation of the lactase persistent genotype in a northern Russian population has not been performed before, The genotype did not affect the consumption of milk products in this population which could be explained by low consumption of milk products among the entire study population.

The History, Ethnology and Social Importance of Mare＇s Milk Consumption in Central Asia

The purpose of this paper is to make available for occidental lecturers a kind of synthesis of the information we accumulated over more than twenty years about horse breeding in Central Asia. It is also a trans-disciplinary approach mostly based on French bibliography and personal experiences. We will give a new perspective on the early time history of horse breeding to introduce the current breeding of horses in herds in Central Asia. We will continue with the description of the diet of the nomads and the central place taken by mare＇s milk in their culture. This induced rituals but also some medical aspects. These latter can now be partly explained with current modem studies. We will finally discuss on the prospects of horse milk products in the new globalised world.

Sensory Evaluation of Flavored Soy Milk-Based Yogurt： A Comparison between Jordanian and Malaysian Consumers

Soy yogurt has gained significant popularity due to its nutritional health benefits. The objectives of this study were to develop flavored yogurt from soybean milk with reduced soy aftertaste by the addition of 30% （wt/wt） strawberry or orange jam in conjunction with a lactic acid fermentation. Soy milk-based yogurt products were assessed for microbial quality and for acceptability by a panel of Jordanian and Malaysian consumers. Sixty-one individuals, of whom 75.4% （n = 46） were Jordanian and 24.6% （n = 15） were Malaysian, evaluated the plain and flavored soy milk-based yogurt. The overall acceptability of orange and strawberry soy yogurt was rated significantly higher than plain soy yogurt. In general, the orange and strawberry soy yogurt received higher sensory ratings from Malaysian than Jordanian consumers. In addition, formulations with orange jam received higher scores than those flavored with strawberry. Shelf life tests showed that soy yogurt was acceptable for at least 8 d without perceptible spoilage. Therefore, the approach used yielded flavored products with better acceptability and improved sensory attributes, including decreased intensity of off flavor, with suitable shelf life at 4 ℃.

Weak Signals and Mind-Sets of Consumers： The Case of Milk

We present results from one of a set of studies run in the early 2000＇s, which looked at weak signals in terms of what consumers wanted. That study, on milk, revealed four distinct mind-sets, groups of respondents who thought alike. These are： S1 Traditional ＋ Health, S2 Traditional ＋ Healthful Ingredients, $3 Traditional ＋ Indulgent, S4 Listens to Authority, respectively. At that time the focus on foods as the source of health and wellness was just beginning. We show how to discover hitherto new, unexpected mind-sets of respondents, using experimental design of messaging, coupled with deconstruction of these messages by regression, and followed by clustering. We suggest that this approach to messaging consumers using experimental design provides a powerful method to uncover emerging mind-sets in the consumer population.

Consumer Perception of Goat Cheese Using Word Association Technique

The word association technique was used to study the perception of Uruguayan consumers with regards to goat cheese and compare it with the perception of other cheeses sold in this market. For this, 149 subjects were presented with five different questionnaires to complete with their perceptions of the following cheeses Colonia, Parmesan, Camembert, goat and sheep cheese. The instructions were as follows： ＂Please, write down all the words, descriptions, associations, thoughts or feelings that come to your mind in connection with these products＂. Afterwards, these words were grouped into 16 categories： animal, color, like, dislike, eyes （of the cheese）, feelings, flavor, knowledge/consumption, meals and food, occasions, origin, price, quality, rind, smell and texture. Goat cheese was highly associated with factors related to flavor （51.7%） and texture （34.2%）. Participants used a wide range of terms, many contradictory （sour, bitter, strong, tasty, mild, bland, creamy, pasty, soft and hard） to describe this cheese. Such diversity in responses may reflect the difference among brands in Uruguay or lack of knowledge on goat cheese. There was also variation in perception in color categories （27.5%）, dislike （17.4%） and smell （21.5%）. The dislike for this cheese reflected in the choice of words such as ＂stinky＂ and ＂smelly＂ is mainly associated with negative connotations for smell （fetid and malodorous）. Three groups of consumers were identified based on the frequency of consumption of goat cheese. When frequency of consumption decreased, the percentage of mention of the categories like, meals and food and flavor also decreased, whereas the frequency of mention of the categories animal, knowledge/consumption and dislike increased. These results suggest that word association might be an interesting, easy and quick qualitative technique to gather useful information about consumer perceptions of cheese products.

Estimating the Consumers＇ Benefits of the Demand for Organic Fresh Milk in Taiwan

Certified agricultural standards （CAS） of the organic food label serve to increase food safety and restore the confidence and consumption level in Taiwan. The organic CAS represents food quality without the use of synthetic chemicals to protect consumers＇ health. As a consequence, production costs and consumer prices have increased. The aim of this study is to analyze consumers＇ perception of the organic CAS label and how purchasing behavior for the product is influenced by converting the Fresh Milk Logo to the organic CAS certified label, which is based on contingent behavior analysis. This study adopts factor analysis to extract the perceptions and preferences of the respondents. In addition, the on-site Poisson model to revise the truncated and endogenous stratification and assess consumer welfare precision. The incremental consumer surplus for consumer consumed organic fresh milk is approximately NT$8,979.

Cost Evaluation of Compact Dairy Wastewater Treatment System in Kuwait

In Kuwait, wastewater management has gained extra attention in recent years and becomes crucial for sustainable industrial development sector. Among the food industry sector, dairy processing plants generate huge amount of wastewater, which is heavily loaded with organic and other toxic compounds. Disposal of dairy wastewater effluent without sufficient treatment can contaminate aquatic ecosystems. Cost efficient treatment processes that are effective in removing organic load and other contaminants are essential to meet stringent environmental regulations applied in Kuwait. A research study was carried out at the KISR （Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research） to assess the technical viability and economic feasibility of combined microfiltration and biological treatment system. This work presents the economic evaluation of the adopted treatment system. The results show that the cost of the integrated system for large scale is estimated to be US$ 1.575/m3, which is 25% less than the cost of wastewater transportation and treatment in conventional sewage plants.

Combination of blood lactate level with assessment of blood consumption （ABC） scoring system： A more accurate predictor of massive transfusion requirement

Purpose： Exsanguination is the most common leading cause of death in trauma patients. The massive transfusion （MT） protocol may influence therapeutic strategies and help provide blood components in timely manner. The assessment of blood consumption （ABC） score is a popular MT protocol but has low predictability. The lactate level is a good parameter to reflect poor tissue perfusion or shock states that can guide the management. This study aimed to modify the ABC scoring system by adding the lactate level for better prediction of MTo Methods： The data were retrospectively collected from 165 trauma patients following the trauma acti- vated criteria at Songklanagarind Hospital from January 2014 to December 2014. The ABC scoring system was applied in all patients. The patients who had an ABC score 〉2 as the cut point for MT were defined as the ABC group. All patients who had a score 〉2 with a lactate level 〉4 mmol/dL were defined as the ABC plus lactate level （ABC ＋ L） group. The prediction for the requirement of massive blood transfusion was compared between the ABC and ABC ＋ L groups. The ability of ABC and ABC ＋ L groups to predict MT was estimated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve （AUROC）. Results： Among 165 patients, 15 patients （9%） required massive blood transfusion. There were no sig- nificant differences in age, gender, mechanism of injury or initial vital signs bet^teen the MT group and the non-MT group. The group that required MT had a higher Injury Severity Score and mortality. The sensitivity and specificity of the ABC scoring system in our institution were low （81%, 34%, AUC 0.573）. The sensitivity and specificity were significantly better in the ABC ＋ L group （92%, 42%, AUC = 0.745）. Conclusion： The ABC scoring system plus lactate increased the sensitivity and specificity compared with the ABC scoring system alone.

QUOTES

＂It＇s good that the cost of milk has increased. ＂Yang Wenjun, CEO of Mengniu, who believes it will promote competition in the milk industry