好水资源是黑龙江经济社会发展动力源泉

好水是人类生存的宝贵资源。好水只有满足了没有污染、含有人体所需的有益成分和具有生命活力三个条件才能称为好水。黑龙江省地域能有好水,主要是得益于自然生态环境良好、水系均匀及雨量充沛、水质优良三大优势。好水为黑龙江经济社会发展创造了三大利好:为居民健康生活提供了物质保障,为龙江生产绿色食品提供了先决条件,为龙江生产优质矿泉水提供了得天独厚的优势。深入挖掘与利用龙江好水资源应从五个方向入手:转变人们对饮水的认识、大力宣传绿色食品、做大做强饮品产业、拉动旅游客流、加强水资源保护与利用。

巴西水资源考察实践及对我们的启示

2月21-28日,中水珠江规划勘测设计有限公司(简称公司)组织技术考察团,对巴西进行了考察活动。考察团拜访了里约州圣贡萨洛市政府、里约水电协会及伊泰普水电站有关人员,进行了技术交流,对巴西的水资源管理体制及其水资源利用情况进行一定的了解,并且与国内情况对比,得出了若干启示。

宋夏“好水之战”中行军路线及主战场新考

为使《固原地区军事志》资料翔实，记述准确，最近我们专门考察了好水之战的行军路线和主战场。深切感受到，史籍记载不仅是轮廓性的、大范围的，也有史实不清和不准的地方，发生在宋庆历元年，夏天授札法延祚四年(1041)二月，北宋与西夏军队在好水川这场大规模的战斗中，西夏军队在李元昊的亲自指挥下，采取诱敌围歼战术，致使宋环庆总管任福以下数十名大将和近万名战士陷入了西夏军队预设的埋伏圈内，

王27断块综合治理与实践

由于2012年4月区块实施重新调整,实现高效开发。叙述了如何保证断块的稳产,减缓区块的递减趋势,是面临的主要问题。

石经寺的禅茶研究

石经寺的禅茶专指寺内饮茶文化及借饮茶所谈的禅机,并被历代所传承。其秉承宋代圆悟克勤所倡"茶禅一味"的禅茶文化,经明代高僧楚山绍琦禅师弘扬,遂在石经寺形成"煮茶夜坐共谈禅"的传统,并建议延续到现在石经寺新修禅茶坊中来。为了更好地彰显禅茶文化,对选择和加工利于茶叶发挥自身特点的好水进行了实验,摸索出制造便于泡茶的好水经验。

One-pot synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazole-5-thioethers in water

An efficient and environmental-friendly one-pot procedure has been developed for the synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazole-5- thioethers by the reaction of acylhydrazine with carbon disulfide and organic halides or α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The reactions were carried out in water in the presence of potassium phosphate within 2-4 h to afford the expected products in excellent yields.

The Cemented Material Dam： A New, Environmentally Friendly Type of Dam

The first author proposed the concept of the cemented material dam （CMD） in 2009. This concept was aimed at building an environmentally friendly dam in a safer and more economical way for both the dam and the area downstream. The concept covers the cemented sand, gravel, and rock dam （CSGRD）, the rockfill concrete （RFC） dam （or the cemented rockfill dam, CRD）, and the cemented soil dam （CSD）. This paper summarizes the concept and principles of the CMD based on studies and practices in projects around the world. It also introduces new developments in the CSGRD, CRD, and CSD.

Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation:Using matured compost as bulking conditioner

Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, moisture content, VSS, CODcr, pH, and germination index （GI）, were analyzed to characterize the composting process. Fermentation starts quickly in both forced and air ventilation compost heaps and reaches high-temperature stage after 2 d, owing to the bulking function of matured compost. Compared to air ventilation, however, forced ventilation enables the high-temperature stage to last longer for approximately 7 d. The moisture content of both compost bodies decreases from 62% to about 50% as a result of evaporation, and it decreases slightly faster in forced ventilation compost heap after 13 d due to the higher temperature and better ventilation condition. Although no obvious differences of VSS and pH are observed between both compost heaps, the soluble CODcr and GI show differences during the second half period of fermentation. In forced ventilation compost, the soluble CODcr has a small rebound after 13 d, and GI decreases from 46% to 35% but then increases. These results show that in general, the matured compost is a good conditioner and force ventilation with a proper air supply strategy can be more efficient than air ventilation.

Performance evaluation of a modified step-feed anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process for organic and nutrient removal

A pilot scale modified step-feed process was lmproved to increase nutrient/N ano P） ano organic removal operations from municipal wastewater. It combined the step-feed process and a method named ＂University of Cape Town （UCT）＂. The effect of nutrient ratios and inflow distribution ratios were studied. The highest uptake efficiency of 95% for chemical oxygen demand （COD） has been achieved at the inflow distribution ratio of 40/35/25. However, maximum removal efficiency obtained for total nitrogen （TN） and phosphorus at 93% and 78%, respectively. The average mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） was 5500 mg·L- 1. In addition, convenient values for dissolved oxygen （DO） concentration, and pH were obtained throughout different stages. The proposed system was identified to be an appropriate enhanced biological nutrient removal process for wastewater treatment plants owing to relatively high nutrient removal, sturdy sludge settle ability and COD removal.

On an ecology-friendly treatment reagent for oily wastewater

Bioflocculants have received increasing attention in research because they are low cost,non-toxic,biodegradable,operationally simple and useful in many water and wastewater treatment applications.In this study,we focused mainly on the screening of the flocculant-producing strain and its application in oily wastewater treatment.Bacteria strain B-6-1 was isolated by the pyridine screening method.UPC-1 reagent produced by B-6-1 had efficient flocculating activity.It was deduced that the main component of UPC-1 reagent was polysaccharide through purification and analysis.The influence of dosage of reagent,pH value,temperature and oil concentration on the flocculation effect of UPC-1 reagent was investigated.

Analysis on the synergistic effect of sustainable development of coal industry under 1.5 ℃ scenario

Based on the coal demand under the 1.5 ℃ scenario, the amount of coal production in China was estimated in this study. According to the mutual relationship between the factors influencing coal production, an econometric model was constructed based on simultaneous equations, and the synergistic effect of each factor on the coal industry was estimated under the 1.5 ℃ scenario. Then, predictions were respectively made in the five aspects： coal production, coal science and technology progress, employment number, safe production level, and occupational health level, in different scenarios from 2016 to 2050. The results showed that before 2040, the comprehensive negative effect of the 1.5 ℃ situation is more than or equals to the positive effect. The 1.5 ℃ scenario has the biggest negative impact on employment, whose solution should be the focus. By 2050, the positive effects of the 1.5℃ scenario exceed the negative effect because of the enhancement in technical level and in the attention given to the whole production. Safety is improved, and health defects decline and the most obvious positive effect is on the ecological environment. The decrease of coal production will reduce the ecological environmental damage and significantly improve the ecological environment. In general, the prediction of 1.5 ℃ scenario promotes the increase of scientific production capacity and promotes the orderly development of coal. It has strengthened the safety and health protection degree, made the coal industry more efficient and competitive, and avoided or reduced the impact of coal development on the ecological environment and achieved environmental friendliness. However, the 1.5 ℃ situation also increases the employment pressure of the society, which affects the economic development of the major coal producing areas, but the situation can be overcome through the transformation and upgrading of the region. Finally, the impacts of various factors under the 1.5 ℃ scenario were evaluated through a unified comparison of the synergistic effect monetization using the cost and payment willingness methods. Based on the research results, suggestions on the regulation of coal production were proposed relating to resettlement of workers, protection of the ecological environment, and improvement of workers＇ health.

Artificial substrates preference for proliferation and immigration in Aurelia aurita(s. l.) polyps

The increasing amounts of artificial marine substrates, in many parts of the world have been proposed as a potential driver of Aurelia spp. blooms, on account of providing extra habitats for the settlement and the proliferation of the benthic stage(polyps). Previous experiments have mainly focused on the substrate choices of Aurelia spp. planulae. However, substrate preferences for the proliferation and immigration of polyps have not been reported. We monitored the propagation and immigration of Aurelia aurita(s. l.) polyps on two natural and nine artificial substrates at constant temperature(20±0.5°C) and salinity(30±0.5) in beakers and a glass aquarium in the laboratory, respectively. The results showed that, among artificial substrates, the highest number for polyp proliferation and immigration was found on nets, rigid polyvinyl chloride plates(RPVC), and wood. The lowest density of polyps was present on iron plates. Among natural substrates, the asexual reproduction rate of polyps on Patinopecten yessoensis(Jay, 1857) shells was significantly higher than Azumapecten farreri(Jones & Preston, 1904). On the account of the distinction in the roughness, chemical properties and biofilms of these material surfaces, bare artificial or natural substrates discriminatively affect the proliferation and the immigration of Aurelia spp. polyps at laboratory. These observations suggest that, even in the natural environment, different materials and texture may influence the composition and the abundance of the fouling communities and the assemblages of polyps and, indirectly, have effects on the amounts of released medusae.

Fish Community Structure and Habitat Preference in Hinval Freshwater Stream of Garhwal Himalayas, India

Fish diversity in different habitats and their preference for a particular habitat was studied in a freshwater stream Hinval in Western Himalayas of Garhwal region. A total of 7 fish species belonging to 2 orders were recorded. The maximum fish diversity and dominance was reported in the cyprinids. Two species of order Cypriniformes, Tot putitora （Ham.） and Barilius bendelisis （Ham.） were recorded at all the three sites, although they were more abundant at sites I and II. Among the Barilius spp., Barilius bendelisis （Ham.） was the most common at all the study sites, while Barilius barna （Ham.） and Barilius vagra （Ham.） were only found at Ⅰand Ⅱsites. The pool habitat was the most preferred habitat of almost all the species with （＇H＇=0.521-0.594） tbllowed by rapid and riffle habitat respectively.

Preparation of lactic acid from glucose in ionic liquid solvent system

A new reaction system was designed to economically convert glucose to lactic acid environment-friendly. Hydrophobic ionic liquids were chosen as solvent that can promote the decomposition reaction of glucose, and the catalytic performance of the solid bases was evaluated. Both the reaction temperature and time can affect the yield of lactic acid. A high yield （97%） of lactic acid was achieved under the optimal reaction condition. The IH NMR spectra and HPLC-MS were used to identify the formation of the lactic acid and variations of ionic liquid. It is found that ionic-liquids have a unique solvent effect for glucose and bases. Water can be used as solvent to extract calcium lactate. This shows a great potential of hydrophobic ionic liquids in the solid bases catalyzed reaction that is limited by the weak solubility of solid bases in organic and water solution.

Discovering Niche Market： Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Organic Pork

With the concern for environmental quality and food safety, organic food products are becoming more important in the global market. In recent years the organic food industry has been expanding and sales of organic products have been increasing. Abundant studies have been done focusing on organic fruits and vegetables which focused on the shortage of organic live stocks. In this paper we focus our attention on organic pork products. Using a sample of 400 Thais consumers, this study proposes the contingent valuation （CV） technique to measure the willingness of individuals to pay a price premium for organic pork in Thailand. In order to obtain the mean ＂willingness to pay＂ （WTP）, a bivariate probit model was applied to provide information about the crucial variables that affect the WTP. The study revealed that variables that better approximate WTP are based on the lifestyle and knowledge about organic foods rather than the usual socioeconomic factors. The mean WTP on the premium price for organic pork is approximately 34.30 Bath per kg. In order to access the market potential this study shows that the suitable attributes of organic pork which is consistent with consumer preferences are composed of modernized and environmental packaging with special product details. Marketing this product to the buyer it should be set at a reasonable price. Stimulating the market should be done by doing sales promotion and public relations on a regularly basis. In addition, organic pork should be available in any places and convenient for customers to buy.

Path toward Environment-Friendly Industrialization： A Survey on the Practice of Xixia County

Whether industrialization and environmental protection can coexist has always been controversial theoretical question. On this topic, the protected watershed area of Xixia County provides an interesting case study. 91% of Xixia County＇s 3,15 7 square kilometers, which belongs to Nanyang City of Henan Province and is located in the protected water source area of the country＇s South-to-North Water Diversion Project, is designated water source protection zones. Driven by the need to protect these resources, Xixia County has made remarkable achievements in the field of environmental protection. Simultaneously, the county s economy has also made significant progress. In addition to its favorable geography and natural resources, Xixia County derives its successful environmental protection practices from the following factors： first, a series of environmental protection policies issued by the central government; second, Xixia County＇s emphasis on environmental protection; and third, local businesses＇ efforts to protect the environment. Xixia＇s experience has demonstrated that environmental protection can be successfully balanced with economic development when local industrial development generates resources that contribute to favorable environmental programs.

Simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from swine wastewater in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor

In this study, the performance of a sequencing batch biofilm reactor(SBBR) for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from swine wastewater was evaluated. The replacement rate of wastewater was set at 12.5% throughout the experiment. The anaerobic and aerobic times were 3 h and 7 h, respectively, and the dissolved oxygen concentration of the aerobic phase was about 3.95 mg·L-1. The SBBR process demonstrated good performance in treating swine wastewater. The percentage removal of total chemical oxygen demand(COD), ammonia nitrogen(NH4+-N), total nitrogen(TN), and total phosphorus(TP) was 98.2%, 95.7%, 95.6%, and 96.2% at effluent concentrations of COD85.6 mg·L-1, NH4+-N 35.22 mg·L-1, TN 44.64 mg·L-1, and TP 1.13 mg·L-1, respectively. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phenomenon was observed. Further improvement in removal efficiency of NH4+-N and TN occurred at COD/TN ratio of 11:1, with effluent concentrations at NH4+-N 18.5 mg·L-1and TN 34 mg·L-1, while no such improvement in COD and TP removal was found. Microbial electron microscopy analysis showed that the filler surface was covered with a thick biofilm, forming an anaerobic–aerobic microenvironment and facilitating the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matters. A long-term experiment(15 weeks) showed that stable removal efficiency for N and P could be achieved in the SBBR system.

Renewable Energy Sources A Promising Opportunity for Remote Mine Sites

Mining industry is a substantial consumer of the energy indispensable to power mining and mineral processing equipment and processes. As more and more mine operations move to remote locations, the access to reliable, secure and environment friendly energy sources becomes a key concern. At present, a great majority of remote mines relies heavily on diesel fuel that has to be transported over long distances. In this context, some of the renewable energy sources such as wind power or solar energy seem to provide potentially interesting and viable alternatives. Mine operations, however, have a very particular character, much different from other industries and from other potential applications of renewable power sources. This paper presents operational conditions of some mining operations, particularly those in remote regions, in the context of their energy needs. The authors analyse current and future capacities to decrease a reliance of remote mines on conventional fuels and energy. The paper also analyses and discusses the conditions to be met by alternative energy sources so that they might become a viable alternative for remote mining operations.

改善注水井工况的技术与措施

随着油田开发的不断深入延续,"注好水"是油田稳产的重中之重,而有部分注水井还达不到配注要求,还有部分井注水过多,这些井是由于随着注水的进行,原方案不再适合现有注水要求,或者注水管柱等存在问题。应对注水井进行适当的调配,以满足注水要求。对于层间差异大、调配困难导致的欠注层,主要采取重分层和调剖堵水措施加以解决;对于油层物性差,渗透率差异导致的欠注层,主要采取酸化降压加单井增压的措施加以解决;对于后期堵塞导致的欠注层,根据对堵塞类型的判断,分别采用常规酸化、缓硝酸酸化等化学解堵工艺和水力压裂等物理法解堵工艺加以解堵。