回鹘文始用时间考

回鹘文是在胡人文化影响下由粟特文演变、发展而来的一种音素文字,碑铭及出土文献也反映了突厥语族群从对粟特文的借用到改造的演变、发展轨迹,而借用粟特文字母来拼写突厥语也就标志着回鹘文的产生。《多罗郭德纪功碑》可证回鹘文至晚在552年已开始使用,而哈喇和卓古墓群发现的以粟特文字母书写突厥语kif(i人,妻子)字样的"代人木牌"还意味着回鹘文极可能于482年已开始使用。通常认为回鹘文是继如尼文之后开始使用的,就目前所见碑铭及出土文献可断定,其使用历史远要早于如尼文,应是最早用来拼写突厥语的文字体系。

国内专利始用时间分析

任何专利从申请、授权到实施都需要一定的时间跨度,专利始用时间是指专利从申请年度开始至实施年度所需的时间。文章以近3年国家知识产权局的专利实施许可合同备案登记信息作为样本,从近3年合计实施、分年度实施、分地区实施三个角度分析国内专利在始用时间上的规律性,结果显示:三个角度分析结果基本一致,国内专利(不分类)的始用时间为1～5年,发明专利始用时间为2～8年,实用新型专利和外观设计专利的始用时间为1～5年。

Coupling effects of influence factors on probability of corrosion initiation time of reinforced concrete

The coupling model of major influence factors such state affecting the chloride diffusion process in concrete is as environmental relative humidity, load-induced crack and stress discussed. The probability distributions of the critical chloride concentration Cc, the chloride diffusion coefficient D, and the surface chloride concentration Cs were determined based on the collected natural exposure data. And the estimation of probability of corrosion initiation considering the coupling effects of influence factors is presented. It is found that the relative humidity and curing time are the most effective factors affecting the probability of corrosion initiation before and after 10 years of exposure time. At the same exposure time, the influence of load-induced crack and stress state on the probability of corrosion initiation is obvious, in which the effect of crack is the most one