1942年国民政府对罗斯福总统特使威尔基访华的因应

1942年,蒋介石对原美国共和党总统候选人温德尔·威尔基访华的态度,经历从拒绝到谨慎邀请再到积极欢迎的变化过程,这与居里第二次访华后,美国政府对华决策的变化几乎同步。出于对美国军事援华与印度独立的重视,国民政府迎接威尔基访华即是对居里访华未竟问题的延续。但经孔祥熙、王世杰为核心的国防最高委员会常务会议多次会商,形成的《对威尔基谈话时应注意之问题与要点的拟议》并未涉及上述问题。威尔基在会谈中主动抛出军援与印度问题,反令蒋介石措手不及。威尔基访华并未达成实质性成果,这既有“总统特使”与美国驻华使馆之间摩擦的因素,又与国民政府高层准备不力相关。

蒋介石与威尔基访华——以《蒋介石日记》为视角的考察

1942年,美国总统罗斯福派1940年共和党总统候选人威尔基作为总统特使访华,对中美关系、美国对华战略产生了很大的影响。威尔基访华的目的是为进一步解疑释惑,提高中国的抗战效力,推动中美友好合作,增强美国在战后远东事务中的领导力量和对英、苏的优势地位。蒋介石也希望通过威尔基访华,就中美结盟、中苏关系、中英关系、归还东北、印度独立、废除不平等条约等问题与美方达成共识,推动中美关系的发展。蒋介石、威尔基于10月4,5,7日举行正式会谈。威尔基访华实现了访问的目标,促进了中美关系的发展,蒋介石对罗斯福和美国政府增加了信任。此后,美国一直致力于提高中国的大国地位。蒋介石认为威尔基访华“影响极佳”。透过此次访问,蒋的要求美国战时继续援华、战后中美合作、美国废除对华不平等条约、东北回归中国等一得到了美国的满足。威尔基访华也带来一些负面的影响。访问期间他就吹捧蒋介石为“伟人”,加上此后宋美龄访美宣传蒋介石,结果蒋被当成中国的化身,蒋的领导地位等同于中国的前途。这是抗战后期美国形成扶蒋反共政策的远因之一。

威尔基访华述论

威尔基访华处在战时中美关系的重要节点,上承居里第二次访华,下启宋美龄访美。太平洋战争后,中美两国因战略分歧衍生出许多具体矛盾,而居里访华非但没有缓和中美矛盾,反而加深了蒋介石对美国的不满,使中美关系更趋恶化。威尔基访华是中美两国政府及其个人意愿共同作用下的产物。威尔基以其个人特质及亲华言行赢得了中国各界的好感,在两国间营造了友好亲善的氛围,为后续宋美龄访美作了很好的铺垫。威尔基访华基本实现了中美两国政府及其个人等三方的意图,有利于战时中美关系的平稳发展。

“天下一家”的理想与现实——1942年威尔基的环球航行及其对世界合作的追求

1942年秋,美国前共和党总统候选人温德尔·威尔基在总统罗斯福的派遣下开展了一次历时49天的环球航行,并在此后完成了美国战时最为畅销的非虚构作品《天下一家》。其间,威尔基不遗余力地宣扬其反对殖民压迫、倡导各族群包容合作的“天下一家”思想,在世界范围内引发了剧烈的反响,缔造了一个激动人心的“威尔基时刻”。但是,由于“天下一家”思想的两项重要组成部分——“跨意识形态合作”与“去殖民化”并未能在战时获得适宜生长的土壤,因此也未能立即结出直接的政策果实。然而其“天下一家”主张所引发的思想激荡,却仍能在战后的世界中寻觅到余波。

High frequency of the c.3207C>A (p.H1069Q) mutation in ATP7B gene of Lithuanian patients with hepatic presentation of Wilson's disease

AIM： To investigate the prevalence of the ATP7B gene mutation in patients with hepatic presentation of Wilson＇s disease （WD） in Lithuania. METHODS： Eleven unrelated Lithuanian families, including 13 WD patients were tested. Clinically WD diagnosis was established in accordance to the Leipzig scoring system. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole venous blood using a salt precipitation method. Firstly, the semi-nested polymerase chain reaction （PCR） technique was used to detect the c.3207C〉A （p.H1069Q） mutation. Patients not homozygous for the c.3207C〉A （p.H1069Q） mutation were further analyzed. The 21 exons of the WD gene were amplified in a thermal cycler （Biometra T3 Thermocycler, G0ttingen, Germany）. Direct sequencing of the amplified PCR products was performed by cycle sequencing using fluorescent dye terminators in an automatic sequencer （Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany）. RESULTS： Total of 13 WD patients （mean age 26.4 years; range 17-40; male/female 3/10） presented with hepatic disorders and 16 their first degree relatives （including 12 siblings） were studied. Some of WD patients, in addition to hepatic symptoms, have had extrahepatic disorders （hemolytic anemia 3; Fanconi syndrome 1; neurophsychiatric and behavioural disorder 2）. Liver biopsy specimens were available in all of 13 WD patients （8 had cirrhosis; 1-chronic hepatitis; 3-acute liver failure, 1-1iver steatosis）. Twelve of 13 （92.3%） WD patients had the c.3207C〉A （p.HI069Q） mutation, 6 of them in both chromosomes, 6 were presented as compound heterozygotes with additional c.3472-82delGGTTTAACCAT, c.3402delC, c.3121C〉T （p.RI041W） or unknown mutations. For one patient with liver cirrhosis and psychiatric disorder （Leipzig score 6）, no mutations were found. Out of 16 first degree WD relatives, 11 （68.7%） were heterozygous for the c.3207C〉A （p.H1069Q） mutation. Two patients with fulminant WD died from acute liver failure and ii are in full remission under peniciilamine or zinc acetate treatment. Three women with WD successfully delivered healthy babies. CONCLUSION： The c.3207C〉A （p.HI069Q） missense mutation is the most characteristic mutation for Lithuanian patients with WD. Even 92.3% of WD patients with hepatic presentation of the disease are homozygous or compound heterozygotes for the p.H1069Q mutation.

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium for binary system of aniline+methyl-N-phenyl carbamate

In this study,the quasi-static ebulliometric method was used to measure both of the vapor pressures of methyl N-phenyl carbamate(MPC),and the isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE) data of the aniline and MPC binary system.The measured vapor pressure data of MPC,at different temperature ranging from 369.60 to 389.54 K,fitted well with the Antoine equation.The VLE data for the aniline and MPC system at(2.00,4.00,6.00,7.00 and 8.00) k Pa were correlated by both of nonrandom two-liquid(NRTL) and Wilson models.The parameters of the two models were obtained by regressing the experimental data,with the absolute temperature deviations of 0.54 K and 0.53 K,respectively.The relative volatility of the binary system calculated was all far more than 1,which gives the conclusion that the high purity MPC can be separated from aniline and MPC binary system by rectification or distillation technology.

1942:战斗中国的艺术在美国

1941年底珍珠港遇袭,美国对日宣战,随后与中国等25国结为联合国家军事同盟。1942年,罗斯福总统特使威尔基访华,并在访华结束时带回一批中国抗战美术作品。在美国援华联合会的协助下,纽约现代艺术博物馆以“战斗中国的艺术”为题展出这些作品。展览受到广泛的关注和赞誉,并于随后的一年多时间内在全美巡回。展览改变了美国观众对中国和中国艺术的传统看法。尽管当时的中国不仅战火纷飞,而且主要仍是一个农耕社会,但在“中国热”持续升温,以及“天下一家”的全新认知和期待中,这些主要使用西方艺术语言、描绘共同抗战主题的作品不仅受到美国观众的热捧,更被新闻媒体公认为“现代”。