白三烯受体拮抗剂对婴幼儿喘息发作患者预后的影响

[目的]探讨白三烯受体拮抗剂对婴幼儿喘息预后的影响。[方法]52例符合入选标准的首次发作喘息患儿首诊时取静脉血测IL-4和IFN-γ,并随机分为两组,均予吸氧、糖皮质激素吸入、支气管舒张剂等对症支持治疗。其中24例为白三烯受体拮抗剂干预组:顺尔宁,4 mg每日1次,疗程12周;糖皮质激素吸入干预组28例:出院后给予糖皮质激素吸入,200μg每日1～2次,疗程12周。并于我院儿科哮喘门诊随诊观察或电话联系1年,记录喘息再发的次数。两组患儿于治疗前24 h内及疗程结束用酶联免疫法检测IFN-γ、IL-4。另选10例健康同龄儿童血清标本作为健康对照组用同样方法检测血清IL-4和IFN-γ。[结果]婴幼儿喘息患儿IL-4浓度及IL-4/IFN-γ比值与健康对照组明显升高(P<0.01),顺尔宁干预组和糖皮质激素吸入干预组分别有6例和13例因故退出本试验。顺尔宁干预组儿童治疗后血清IL-4和IL-4/IFN-γ水平与治疗前比较,明显降低,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。激素干预组儿童治疗后血清IL-4和IL-4/IFN-γ水平与治疗前比较,无明显变化,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。治疗后,顺尔宁干预组儿童血清IL-4和IL-4/IFN-γ水平和激素干预组比较,明显降低,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。顺尔宁干预组喘息发作≥3次的百分率明显低于糖皮质激素吸入干预组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]口服白三烯受体拮抗剂对其Th1/Th2类细胞因子的失衡状态起到调节作用,并有效减少反复喘息发作的次数。

How Infant Mortality Was Reduced in the Early Twentieth Century in Osaka

In 1983, the Vice Secretary-General of United Nations Children＇s Fund （UNICEF）, Karl Knutsson, visited Japan and remarked that the method of reducing the Japanese infant mortality rate （IMR） was a model for every country. In the early twentieth century, Osaka and at the time of UNICEF＇s plan in the 1980s, diarrhea was the cause of most babies＇ deaths, so we consider infant nutrition to be the central issue. The average IMR was 155.4 in rural areas in Japan, and IMR in Osaka city was 231.6 during 1906 to 1910. IMR in Osaka city might have been influenced by somewhat negative urban factors, which we can call the ＂urban penalty＂. Dr. Hiroshi Maruyama discovered the a-index in 1938. The a-index represents infant mortality number divided by neonatal mortality number. After all, Maruyama set one month after birth as a boundary to divide endogenous and exogenous. The a-index shows a qualitative measure of infant mortality. Post neonatal mortality was increased due to acquired diseases such as diarrhea, pneumonia, and beriberi. This shows that the effect of the urban penalty was raising the a-index. The a-index of the industrial zones shows that bad maternal conditions affected endogenous factors. Most mothers suffered from a deficiency of breast-feeding capability.

A Study on the Distances of Small Mobile Robot Moves towards Infants

In recent years, it is remarkable that various robots are being developed, and the development of robot technology is beginning to be taken into an actual living space. There are still many questions that we will have to answer for the harmonization of living together with a robot. This study is focused on ＂the study of how to plan and design a living space in harmonizing with robots＂, and focused on the effects of infants （subjects） along with the distance between robots and themselves. The study is to seek for the minimum distance for the subjects who felt that ＂I do not want a robot to be any closer being approached to me＂. This experiment was conducted among 30 infants at the kindergarten, utilizing a small experimental robot. A small robot whose dimension is 120 mm （W） ×130 mm （D） × 70 mm （H）, approaching infants as is to see if it would make any differences to the infant＇s reactions.

Thirty-six Cases of Infantile Proctoptosis Treated by Extremely Shallow Puncture

Proctoptosis, a disease of downward displacement of the anal canal, rectal mucosa, rectum or partial sigmoid colon, is known as prolapse of the rectum in TCM, which is frequently seen in the weak and thin babies or children of 2-4 years old. The author treated 36 cases of infantile proctoptosis by using extremely shallow puncture in the acupuncture techniques from Aug. 1995 to Dec. 1998 and obtained satisfactory results as reported in the following.……

Clinical Observation on 46 Cases of Infantile Repeated Respiratory Tract Infection Treated by Mild-Moxibustion over Acupoints on Back

Repeated respiratory tract infection is a frequently-occurring disease during childhood. At present, western medicine doctors generally adopt anti-infectives and immunomodulators to treat the disease, while traditional Chinese medicine doctors mainly administer decoction of Chinese herbs. The authors treated 46 cases of repeated respiratory tract infection from March 1990 to April 1996 by applying mild-moxibustion over points on the back with satisfactory therapeutic results. A report follows.Clinical Data All the 86 cases were outpatients in our hospital with duration of common cold for over 10 days and characterized by relapse of respiratory tract infection. There were over 7-time relapse of respiratory tract infection on each case within a year. Eighty-six cases were randomly divided into treatment group (46 cases) and control group (40 cases). Of the 46 cases in the treatment group, 22 were boys and 24 girls. 17 cases (36.9%) were 6 months to 4 years old, 18 (39.1%) 4 to 6 years, and 11 (23.9%) 6 to 12 years. Among the 40 cases in the control group, 19 cases were boys and 21 girls.

Treatment of Infantile Morbid Night Crying by Acupuncture at Zhongchong Point in 100 Cases

Morbid night crying is often found in infants. Applying acupuncture at Zhongchong (PC 9) point, the author treated 100 infants with morbid night crying and achieved satisfactory therapeutic effects. The results are reported as follows.……

Electroacupuncture for Treatment of 12 Cases of Infantile Peroneal Nerve Injury

Infantile peroneal nerve injury,also calledperoneal paralysis,is mostly caused by intraglutealinjection.Clinically,it is characterized by foot drop,strephenopodia,digital flexion,and high leg raisingwhile walking.The authors have treated 12 cases ofperoneal nerve injury by electroacupuncture,withsatisfactory results reported as follows.

Effect of Socio-Demographic Factors on Zinc Status of Infants and Preschool Children in East Gojjam, Amhara Region of Ethiopia

Zinc deficiency is a public health concern and is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of zinc deficiency among infants and preschool children. Based on a community, the cross-sectional study was conducted in East Gojjam between October 2011 and April 2012. Two hundred and forty infants and preschool children were randomly selected in the study. Data on potential determinants of zinc deficiency were collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum zinc concentration was measured using atomic absorption spectrometer. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA, independent sample student＇s t-test and linear regression model. The mean serum zinc concentration of infants and preschool children was 62.98 （±13.03） μg/dL in 95% confidence interval （CI） between 61.32 and 64.63 （i.e., 95% CI： 61.32, 64.63）. About 57,1% of the subjects were zinc deficient. The main determinants of low serum zinc status of infants and preschool children were age and number of family members living on the same land. Zinc status of older children was 3.67 μg/dL （95% CI： -5.58, -1.77） lower than children who were aged 6-10 months. Serum zinc status of infants and preschool children is decreased by 0.83 p.g/dL （95% CI： -1.36, -0.30） with each additional family member. Food insecurity, dietary diversity, sex, child health, anthropometric indices, maternal education and wealth index were not associated with serum zinc status. Zinc deficiency among infants and preschool children is highly prevalent. Such potential deficiencies require urgent attention, including complementary food preparation education, traditional phytate reduction method and family planning implementation recommended in the study area.

TREATMENT OF 40 CASES OF HYDROCELES WITH MASSAGE AT QICHONG (ST 30)

Qichong (St 30) is an important acupoint in the treatment of hernia. The author over the past few years had treated 40 cases of hydroceles with finger-massage on Qichong and obtained quite satisfactory therapeutic effects. An introduction of the treatment is as follows.

Therapeutic effect observation of Shanghai-style tuina method for infantile diarrhea

Objective： To observe the clinical efficacy of Shanghai-style tuina method based on syndrome differentiation in treating infantile diarrhea. Methods： Sixty patients were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. The patients in the observation group were treated by Shanghai-style tuina method based on syndrome differentiation, while the patients in the control group were treated by conventional Shanghai-style tuina method, once per day, continuous 5 d for a treatment course. The efficacy was evaluated according to the score of the quantization table for symptoms differentiation in infantile diarrhea after one course. Results： During the treatment, two cases in the control group dropped out. After treatment, the scores were significantly decreased in both groups and the intra-group differences were statistically significant （both P〈0.01）, indicating the two treatment methods were effective with infantile diarrhea. In the efficacies of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome, the cured and markedly effective rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group （P〈0.05）, suggesting that Shanghai-style tuina method based on syndrome differentiation was more effective than conventional Shanghai-style tuina method. Conclusion： Conventional Shanghai-style tuina method is characterized by fixed acupoints, remembering easily and operating conveniently. It has a significant effect in treating children with diarrhea, and is worthy of clinical promotion and popularization. However, Shanghai-style tuina method based on syndromes differentiation requires the solid theoretical foundation and rich clinical experience of TCM. And because Shanghai-style tuina method based on syndromes differentiation is applied under the guidance of syndrome differentiation and TCM theory, it can improve the clinical efficacy.

Diseases Spectrum Study on Pediatric Tuina in Recent 10 Years

Objective： To investigate the clinical study advance of pediatric tuina and understand the changes of disease scope and spectrum in pediatric tuina over the last decade. Methods： Relevant articles involving pediatric tuina have been retrieved through the databases of domestic journals for health and medical sciences as well as Springer-Verlag Database of German during 2002-2011. It aims to extract relevant information, build literature infomaation table of tuina therapy for pediatric conditions and conduct statistical analysis. Then the findings were compared with the data of pediatric tuina papers which were published from 1988 to 1997 recorded in Encyclopedia of Chinese Tuina. Results and Conclusion： A total of 75 clinical indications for pediatric tuina have been statistically summarized, of which 5 common conditions were selected and 1 prior condition was singled out. Additionally, some outdated or new conditions have been discovered.

Therapeutic effect observation on Nie-pinching the spine manipulation for infantile diarrhea due to spleen deficiency

Objective： To observe the influence of Nie-pinching the spine manipulation on the excretory rate ot urine D-xylose in the infants with diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, and to assess the clinical effects. Methods： Sixty infants in conformity with the diagnostic criteria of diarrhea due to spleen deficiency were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group by the random digital table, 30 cases in each group. The infants in the treatment group were treated by Nie-pinching the spine manipulation and traditional infantile tuina, in addition to the routine basic treatment. The infants in the control group were treated by the same traditional infantile tuina in addition to the routine basic treatment. The infants in the two groups were treated once every day, 4 weeks as a course. Totally, the treatment was given for a course. The symptom integrals of spleen deficiency were used to assess the improvement in the symptoms. The colorimetry was used to determine the excretory rate of urine D-xylose. Results： in the comparison of the same group before and after the treatment, the differences in the global score of spleen deficiency symptoms and the excretory rate of urine D-xylose in the two groups were statistically significant （all P〈0.01）. After the treatment, the differences in the global score of spleen deficiency symptoms and the excretory rate of urine D-xylose between the two groups were all statistically significant （both P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Chiropractics can reduce the integrals of spleen deficiency symptoms and elevate the excretory rate of urine D-xylose in the infants with diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, so as to enhance the therapeutic effects by alleviating the symptoms of spleen deficiency and the absorptive function of the small intestine.