The initial phase of tomato is critical to the infestation of insect vectors of viruses. Therefore, this study aimed to test the use of yellow card traps around the crop to manage insect vectors of viruses and test th...The initial phase of tomato is critical to the infestation of insect vectors of viruses. Therefore, this study aimed to test the use of yellow card traps around the crop to manage insect vectors of viruses and test the best density of traps/tomato plants. Yellow card traps were placed on the border of the crop plot to capture adult insect vectors. Density of trap/tomato plant was assessed in 10 blocks at the following levels： 1/25; 1/50; 1/75; 1/100; 1/125; 1/150. The monitoring was carded out in 1% of the crop during 60 days in 2011 and 2012 crop. The evaluated systems were Conventional and Phytosanitary Pest Management （PPM）. During 2011 season the Conventional system received 14 insecticide applications whereas only 6 insecticide applications were made on the PPM, representing a reduction of 133%. In 2012, the crop under Conventional system was subjected to 15 applications of insecticides, over 8 on PPM, with a reduction of 87.5%. The PPM allowed a 90% reduction in application cost for this insects, obtaining a reduction of R$1,345.00/ha. The highest density was 60 plants/trap. We can conclude that the yellow card traps in tomato crop decreased infestations of insect vectors of viruses.展开更多
Climatic variations are becoming important limiting factors for agriculture productivity,as they not only directly affect the plant net primary productivity but can also modulate the outbreak of plant diseases and pes...Climatic variations are becoming important limiting factors for agriculture productivity,as they not only directly affect the plant net primary productivity but can also modulate the outbreak of plant diseases and pests.Elevated CO_2 and O_3 are two important climatic factors that have been widely studied before.Elevated CO_2 or O_3 alters the host plant physiology and affects the vector insects and plant viruses via bottom-up effects of the host plants.Many studies have shown that elevated CO_2 or O_3 decreases the plant nitrogen content,which modulates the characteristics of vector insects.Recent evidence also reveals that hormone-dependent signaling pathways play a critical role in regulating the response of insects and plant viruses to elevated CO_2 or O_3.In the current review,we describe how elevated CO_2 or O_3 affects the vector insects and plant viruses by altering the SA and JA signaling pathways.We also discuss how changes in the feeding behavior of vector insects or the occurrence of plant viruses affects the interactions between vector insects and plant viruses under elevated CO_2 or O_3.We suggest that new insights into the upstream network that regulates hormone signaling and top-down effects of natural enemies would provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions taking place under elevated CO_2 or O_3.展开更多
文摘The initial phase of tomato is critical to the infestation of insect vectors of viruses. Therefore, this study aimed to test the use of yellow card traps around the crop to manage insect vectors of viruses and test the best density of traps/tomato plants. Yellow card traps were placed on the border of the crop plot to capture adult insect vectors. Density of trap/tomato plant was assessed in 10 blocks at the following levels： 1/25; 1/50; 1/75; 1/100; 1/125; 1/150. The monitoring was carded out in 1% of the crop during 60 days in 2011 and 2012 crop. The evaluated systems were Conventional and Phytosanitary Pest Management （PPM）. During 2011 season the Conventional system received 14 insecticide applications whereas only 6 insecticide applications were made on the PPM, representing a reduction of 133%. In 2012, the crop under Conventional system was subjected to 15 applications of insecticides, over 8 on PPM, with a reduction of 87.5%. The PPM allowed a 90% reduction in application cost for this insects, obtaining a reduction of R$1,345.00/ha. The highest density was 60 plants/trap. We can conclude that the yellow card traps in tomato crop decreased infestations of insect vectors of viruses.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB11050400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31370438)the R&D Special Fund for the Public Welfare Industry(201303019)
文摘Climatic variations are becoming important limiting factors for agriculture productivity,as they not only directly affect the plant net primary productivity but can also modulate the outbreak of plant diseases and pests.Elevated CO_2 and O_3 are two important climatic factors that have been widely studied before.Elevated CO_2 or O_3 alters the host plant physiology and affects the vector insects and plant viruses via bottom-up effects of the host plants.Many studies have shown that elevated CO_2 or O_3 decreases the plant nitrogen content,which modulates the characteristics of vector insects.Recent evidence also reveals that hormone-dependent signaling pathways play a critical role in regulating the response of insects and plant viruses to elevated CO_2 or O_3.In the current review,we describe how elevated CO_2 or O_3 affects the vector insects and plant viruses by altering the SA and JA signaling pathways.We also discuss how changes in the feeding behavior of vector insects or the occurrence of plant viruses affects the interactions between vector insects and plant viruses under elevated CO_2 or O_3.We suggest that new insights into the upstream network that regulates hormone signaling and top-down effects of natural enemies would provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions taking place under elevated CO_2 or O_3.
