梁启超“《老子》作于战国之末”说的建立及其意义

诸子学的近代复兴,与梁启超的努力推动密不可分。1922年,梁启超公开提出“《老子》作于战国之末”说,与胡适进行学术争胜。而梁启超之所以能够建立这一学说,不仅在于其自觉地接受了叶适、汪中、崔述、康有为等本土学者的观点,还在于其间接地受到了日本学者斋藤拙堂《老子辨》五篇的学术启发。因此,这一整合中外的学术观点一经问世,即在学术界引起了强烈回响。而该说更广泛而深刻的意义在于,不仅进一步破除了传统的“诸子出于王官论”,还推进了学术界关于诸子著作真伪及其年代的大讨论。总之,“《老子》作于战国之末”说在相当大的程度上推动了诸子学的近代复兴。

微子墓及墓碑辨伪

微子墓及墓碑辨伪张希宇众所周知，我国战国以前的墓葬制度是其墓不封，或封而不肥。因此，在久经战乱之后，后人甚至借助于史书记载也难以发现战国以前的地上墓葬部分。没有地下墓葬的考证，敢说某处为先秦墓葬，只能是一个大胆的假设。位于今山东微山县微山岛的微子墓及...

孔子祖籍在永城──孔子先代故里碑在永域出土

孔子祖籍在永城──孔子先代故里碑在永域出土侯水之，张天勋最近在豫东永城县古城西三里道口发现一幢古碑，高１．８０米、宽０．６６米、厚０．２０来，其上阴刻竖排大字：“孔子先代弗父何、宋父周、世子胜、正考父、孔父嘉故里。”左上方镌刻：“墓在邑西南龙亢县。”...

孔子与儒家思想

孔子是伟大的哲学家、思想家、教育家,儒家学说创始人。自汉朝"罢黜百家,独尊儒术"始,儒学成为正统"显学"。两千多年来,儒家思想对我国的社会、政治、经济、文化等各个方面都产生了广泛而深远的影响。一、孔子生平孔子,名丘,字仲尼,春秋末期鲁国人,为殷商后裔。周灭商后,周武王封商纣王的兄弟、商朝名臣微子启于宋。微子启死后,其弟微仲即位,微仲即是孔子先祖。

周朝宋国与王室关系刍议

宋国是西周初年最重要的诸侯封国之一,从公元前1040年微子启受封建国,至公元前286年为齐、楚、魏所灭,享国754年,几乎伴随着周王朝兴衰始终。微子启乃殷商之后、"亡国之余",却被封为公爵,周公以客礼待之,既说明了周公对殷商旧贵族微子启的看重,又体现了周公高超的政治智慧和统治谋略。周王室与宋国之间既是主客又是君臣的特殊关系,决定了宋国在周代诸侯国中具有的特殊地位,直接影响着宋国的发展和对外交往,其邦交活动亦呈现出复杂多变的特点。

Isolation and Analysis of Rubber Hevein Gene and Its Promoter Sequence

Hevein, a lectin_like protein, is a major factor of lutoids in the latex of rubber trees ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell._Arg.). This factor is involved in coagulation of the latex and has the ability to bind chitin. The hevein gene with a length of 680 bp was cloned by the method of RT_PCR. Its promoter region with 1 306 bp of this gene was also isolated by genome walking, and its sequence included the typical TATA and CAAT boxes as well as the homologous sequence of abscisic acid (ABA) response elements. Expression of the hevein gene in the latex and leaves was detected by Northern blot. After treatment of the trees with ethylene and ABA, the results showed that the hevein gene was expressed principally in latex, and the expression could be induced by ethylene and ABA.

先秦宋国史若干问题初探

宋国在西周至战国是占据中原腹地的诸侯大国,具有封国时间早、延续时间长等特点。以往因史料的不足,尚存在着何时封国,开国始祖微子启的经历,都城的名称沿革,疆域的变迁,城墙、城门、宫殿建筑不清等问题。

Study on Cloning and Polymorphism of Porcine Adiponectin Promoter

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to provide a basis for study on adiponectin as a candidate gene for fat deposition. [ Method] The promoter sequence of adiponectin was obtained by porcine BAC library screening and primer-walking method. The polymorphisms of adiponectin promoter from 290 pigs, including 5 breeds of Lantang pig, Large spotted pig, Large white pig, Landrace and Duroc, were analyzed with PCR-RFLP. [ Result] At SNP site of adiponectin 5＇-flanking region -1 010 bp （G/A）, GG genotype frequency in Chinese indigenous pigs was significantly higher than that in exotic pigs. At SNP site of adiponectin 5＇-flanking region -394 bp （T/C）, the genotype distribution of Chi- nese indigenous pigs was abundant, while no CC genotype was detected in exotic pigs, and T allele frequency was higher in exotic pigs. [ Conclusion] SNP site mutation of - 1 010 bp （G/A） may lead to changes of the gene transcription level, while SNP site of -394 bp （T/C） properly has no relationship with gene transcription level and fat deposition.

Obtaining High Pest_resistant Transgenic Upland Cotton Cultivars Carrying cry1Ac3 Gene Driven by Chimeric OM Promoter

Hypocotyl segments from aseptic seedlings of two important cultivars of upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Northwest China, 'Xinluzao_1', 'Jinmian_7', 'Jinmian_12' and 'Jihe_321' were transformed respectively by two efficient plant expression plasmids pBinMoBc and pBinoBc via Agrobacterium tumefaciens . In pBinMoBc, cry 1Ac3 gene, which encodes the Bt toxin, is under the control of chimeric OM promoter. In pBinoBc, it is under control of CaMV 35S promoter. After co_cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefimpfaciens LBA4404 (containing pBinMoBc or pBinoBc), kanamycin_resistant selection, somatic embryos were induced and regenerated plants were obtained. Then the regenerated plantlets were grafted to untransformed stocks in greenhouse to produce descendants. The integration of cry 1Ac3 gene and its expression in T 2 generation of transgenic cotton plants were confirmed by Southern hybridization and Western blotting. The analyses of insect bioassay indicated that the transgenic plants of both constructions have significant resistance to the larvae of cotton bollworm ( Heliothis armigera ) and that cry 1Ac3 gene driven by chimeric OM promoter could endue T 2 generation cotton with high pest_resistant ability, implicating that it has a profound application in genetic engineering to breed new pest_resistant cotton varieties.

春秋战国时期的宋国经济

宋国是周初段宗室微子启的封国。微子启下传十君到戴公,戴公30年周平王东迁,历史进入春秋时代,直到战国晚期宋国为齐国灭亡。宋国都于睢阳(今河南商丘市西南),宋国的疆域东到今徐州以西,南到安徽宿县,西到今河南商丘地区西部。

Isolation and Characterization of CMO Gene Promoter from Halophyte Suaeda liaotungensis K.

The 5＇-flanking proximal region of stress-induced gene encoding choline monooxygenase （CMO） was isolated by Adaptor-PCR and TAIL-PCR from halophyte Suaeda liaotungensis K. A total of 2,204 bp DNA sequence was obtained. The transcription start site, which is located at 128 bp upstream to the start ATG, was predicted by the TSSP-TCM program. The functional elements were analysed by PLACE program. The obtained SICMO gene promoter contains the basic elements： TATA-box, CAAT-box, and stress-induced elements, for example, salt responsive element （GAAAAA）, cold responsive elements （CANNTG）, ABA （Abscisic Acid） responsive elements （NAACAA）, water stress element （CGGTTG）, and WUN responsive elements （GTTAGGTTC）. Isolation and analysis of the promoter of the CMO gene from S. liaotungensis lays a foundation for characterising the stress-induced promoter elements, studying the relationship between the structure and function of the promoter, and investigating the molecular mechanism of CMO gene regulation.

HEURISTIC PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR AIR COMBAT DECISION-MAKING ON CMTA

Combining the heuristic algorithm （HA） developed based on the specific knowledge of the cooperative multiple target attack （CMTA） tactics and the particle swarm optimization （PSO）, a heuristic particle swarm optimization （HPSO） algorithm is proposed to solve the decision-making （DM） problem. HA facilitates to search the local optimum in the neighborhood of a solution, while the PSO algorithm tends to explore the search space for possible solutions. Combining the advantages of HA and PSO, HPSO algorithms can find out the global optimum quickly and efficiently. It obtains the DM solution by seeking for the optimal assignment of missiles of friendly fighter aircrafts （FAs） to hostile FAs. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the general PSO algorithm and two GA based algorithms in searching for the best solution to the DM problem.

春秋宋国官制初探

谈古代官制者,多自秦汉始。秦、汉以上,纷纭复杂,更迭剧烈,考之确为不易。然历史不应残缺,官制亦应有始终,笔者不揣浅薄,拟就手边资料,对春秋时期宋国的官制初加探讨,以求教于史学界前辈与同仁。宋,是殷宗室微子启的封国。

PEG-mediated Transformation of Lentinus edodes

Expression vector p301-bG1 contains a Sw gene and a bialaphos resistance gene both driven by glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene promoter isolated from Lentinus edodes ( Berk.) Sing. Using p301-bG1, PEG-mediated transformation of protoplast of L. edodes was studied. Mixed with PEG-purified plasmid DNA, the protoplasts of L. edodes were treated with PEG solution and cultured on CYM regeneration plate containing 40 mug/mL bialaphos. Bialaphos-resistant and GUS-positive transformants were obtained using this transformation system. Although the transformation efficiency was relatively low, the protocols release large expenses on expensive instrument and restriction enzymes, providing a simple and economical method for mushroom breeding at the molecular level.

Study of Transcription Activity of X-Box Binding Protein 1 Gene in Human Different Cell Lines

Human X-box binding protein 1 （XBP1）, an important transcription factor, participates in many signal transduction processes. To further investigate the biological function of XBP1, sequences of XBP1 promoter and its two deletion mutants were first determined using bioinformatic analysis. The report vectors containing XBP1 promoter and its deletion mutants were then constructed, namely, p1-XBPlp, p2-XBPlp, and p3-XBPlp. Each reporter vector was separately transfected into HepG2, L02, K562, SMMC-7721, HSF, and Lipocyte lto Cell line using FuGENE 6 transfection reagents. The activity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase （CAT） in each group of transfected cells was detected by ELISA assay, which in turn reflects the transcription activity of the XBP1 gene promoter. The activity involving p3-XBPlp was the highest in HepG2, which was 12.4-fold of that of pCAT3-Basic. The activities of p3-XBPlp in K562 and SMMC-7721 were the second and the third highest, which were 10.9-fold and 10.0-fold of that of the pCAT3-Basic, respectively. The CAT activity in L02 was lower than that in the above-mentioned abnormal cell, and no reporter activity was detected in HSF and Ito Cell. The XBP1 transcription and expression in K562, HepG2 and SMMC-7721 were found to be higher than that in L02, HSF and Ito cells, based on the results of real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. The XBP1 transcription and expression in L02, HSF was lower, whereas that in Ito cells was totally lacking. The result was similar to that of CAT-ELISA. Therefore, the XBP1 gene promoter can drive its downstream gene expression and its activity is cell line-dependent. The core sequence of XBP1 promoter was found between -227bp and 66bp sequence. This sequence was closely associated with the transcriptional activity of XBP1 promoter.

Isolation of a Genomic DNA for Gastrodia Antifungal Protein and Analyses of Its Promoter in Transgenic Tobacco

A genomic DNA containing 5'-upstream region and complete open reading frame of a Gastrodia antifungal protein was isolated by screening of a genomic library from Gastrodia elata B1. To investigate the promoter activity, the 5'-flanking region - 1 157 lip upstream from the putative transcription start site was fused to the coding sequence of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and transformed into Nicotiana tabacum. The strongest GUS activity was detected in the roots of transgenic tobacco, followed by stems. The leaves only showed a low GUS activity. Furthermore, the promoter established inducible expression pattern in transgenic tobacco upon fungus Trichoderma viride inoculation and jasmonic acid and salicylic acid treatments.

Mammalian Models Based on RCAS-TVA Technique

The retroviral vector （RCAS） has been widely used in avian system to study development and diseases, but is not suitable for mammals which do not produce the retrovirus receptor TVA. In this review, we trace the current uses of RCAS-TVA approach in mammalian system with improved strategies, including generation of tv-a transgenic mice, use of soluble TVA receptor and retroviral receptor-ligand fusion proteins, improvement of RCAS vectors, and compare a series of mammalian models in variant studies of gene function, development, oncogenesis and gene therapy. All those studies demonstrate that the RCAS-TVA based mammalian models are powerful tools for understanding the mechanisms and target treating of human diseases.

Arsenic trioxide inhibites transgenic tumor necrosis factor-α promoter activity in vascular smooth muscle cells and THP-1 monocytes in vitro

Aim This study was to evaluate the effect of arsenic trioxide （As2O3） on the transgenic TNF-α promoter activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMCs） and THP-1 monocytes. Methods Human TNF-α promoter was constructed by reporter gene system and was transiently transfected into VSMCs and THP-1 in vitro. The promoter activity was tested by luciferase activity with or without LPS and Ang Ⅱ stimulation, before and after different dosage of As2O3 treatment. Results 1. TNF-α promoter effectively expressed in VSMCs and THP-1 compared with CMV promoter （58.3% and 80.9%, respectively）. Both LPS and Ang Ⅱ significantly up-regulated TNF-α promoter activity （P〈0.05）. 2. As2O3 significantly inhibited, both intact and LPS/Ang Ⅱ stimulated promoter activity, in a dose dependent manner （P〈0.05）, and in both cell type. Conclusion These results manifested that, the inhibition effect of As2O3 on the activity of human TNF-α promoter indicated its potential inhibition on pro-inflammatory cytokine genes expression at transcriptional level and its potential anti-inflammatory property in the cardiovascular system.

阏伯台前说火神

在距今四千五百年前,由于对火的有效管理和使用,使人类结束了“茹毛饮血”的时代,再也不吃又腥又臊的生肉生血了。这是史书有载,人人皆知,人人为之庆幸的事。但是你知道这位管理火种的人是谁?他就是我们中华民族自己的火神,即人们传说中的阏伯。 河南商丘是先商的祖居地,也是阏伯生活、安厝之地。 商丘在河南省东部,和安徽、山东两省交界,其城区西南约2.5公里处,屹立有一座凌空欲飞、风景秀丽的小山丘,丘名阏伯台。台高10.5米,周长330米,上建庙宇一座,叫阏伯庙,也叫火神庙、火星台。有大殿三间,拜殿三间,还有钟楼和东西配殿及禅门。远远望去,金碧辉煌、巍峨壮观,造型别致,令人赞叹。古建筑专家、北京大学教授张宇寰先生称赞说:“我见过很多古今中外高台建筑,但像阏伯台这么美的建筑不多。”