AIM:To examine the methylation status of the promoter region of the checkpoint with forkhead-associated and ring fi nger(CHFR) and microsatellite mutator status in 59 primary gastric cancers.METHODS:We investigated th...AIM:To examine the methylation status of the promoter region of the checkpoint with forkhead-associated and ring fi nger(CHFR) and microsatellite mutator status in 59 primary gastric cancers.METHODS:We investigated the promoter methylation of CHFR in 59 cases of gastric cancer using methylation-specifi c PCR.Five microsatellite loci were analyzed using high-intensity microsatellite analysis reported previously, and p53 gene mutations were investigated by direct sequencing.RESULTS:Twenty cases(33.9%) showed promoter methylation and no relation was observed with the clinicopathological factors.We found that the promoter methylation of CHFR was frequently accompanied with microsatellite instability(MIN).Seven of 20(35.0%) cases showed MIN in hypermethylation of the CHFR tumor, while three of 39(7.7%) cases showed MIN in the non-methylated CHFR tumor(P < 0.01).However, we failed to fi nd any relationship between CHFR methylation and p53 mutation status.CONCLUSION:The coordinated loss of both the mitotic check point function and mismatch repair system suggests the potential to overcome the cell cycle check point, which may lead to an accumulation of mutations.However, the p53 mutation was not related to hypermethylation of the CHFR promoter and MIN, which indicates that an abnormality in p53 occurs as an independent process from the mismatch repair deficiency in carcinogenesis.展开更多
Heterogeneous cellular networks(HCNs), by introducing caching capability, has been considered as a promising technique in 5 G era, which can bring contents closer to users to reduce the transmission delay, save scarce...Heterogeneous cellular networks(HCNs), by introducing caching capability, has been considered as a promising technique in 5 G era, which can bring contents closer to users to reduce the transmission delay, save scarce bandwidth resource. Although many works have been done for caching in HCNs, from an energy perspective, there still exists much space to develop a more energy-efficient system when considering the fact that the majority of base stations are under-utilized in the most of the time. Therefore, in this paper, by taking the activation mechanism for the base stations into account, we study a joint caching and activation mechanism design to further improve the energy efficiency, then we formulate the optimization problem as an Integer Linear Programming problem(ILP) to maximize the system energy saving. Due to the enormous computation complexity for finding the optimal solution, we introduced a Quantum-inspired Evolutionary Algorithm(QEA) to iteratively provide the global best solution. Numerical results show that our proposed algorithm presents an excellent performance, which is far better than the strategy of only considering caching without deactivation mechanism in the actual, normal situation. We also provide performance comparison amongour QEA, random sleeping algorithm and greedy algorithm, numerical results illustrate our introduced QEA performs best in accuracy and global optimality.展开更多
文摘AIM:To examine the methylation status of the promoter region of the checkpoint with forkhead-associated and ring fi nger(CHFR) and microsatellite mutator status in 59 primary gastric cancers.METHODS:We investigated the promoter methylation of CHFR in 59 cases of gastric cancer using methylation-specifi c PCR.Five microsatellite loci were analyzed using high-intensity microsatellite analysis reported previously, and p53 gene mutations were investigated by direct sequencing.RESULTS:Twenty cases(33.9%) showed promoter methylation and no relation was observed with the clinicopathological factors.We found that the promoter methylation of CHFR was frequently accompanied with microsatellite instability(MIN).Seven of 20(35.0%) cases showed MIN in hypermethylation of the CHFR tumor, while three of 39(7.7%) cases showed MIN in the non-methylated CHFR tumor(P < 0.01).However, we failed to fi nd any relationship between CHFR methylation and p53 mutation status.CONCLUSION:The coordinated loss of both the mitotic check point function and mismatch repair system suggests the potential to overcome the cell cycle check point, which may lead to an accumulation of mutations.However, the p53 mutation was not related to hypermethylation of the CHFR promoter and MIN, which indicates that an abnormality in p53 occurs as an independent process from the mismatch repair deficiency in carcinogenesis.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61501042)the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863) of China (2015AA016101)+1 种基金Beijing Nova Program(Z151100000315078)Information Network Open Source Platform and Technology Development Strategy(No.2016-XY-09)
文摘Heterogeneous cellular networks(HCNs), by introducing caching capability, has been considered as a promising technique in 5 G era, which can bring contents closer to users to reduce the transmission delay, save scarce bandwidth resource. Although many works have been done for caching in HCNs, from an energy perspective, there still exists much space to develop a more energy-efficient system when considering the fact that the majority of base stations are under-utilized in the most of the time. Therefore, in this paper, by taking the activation mechanism for the base stations into account, we study a joint caching and activation mechanism design to further improve the energy efficiency, then we formulate the optimization problem as an Integer Linear Programming problem(ILP) to maximize the system energy saving. Due to the enormous computation complexity for finding the optimal solution, we introduced a Quantum-inspired Evolutionary Algorithm(QEA) to iteratively provide the global best solution. Numerical results show that our proposed algorithm presents an excellent performance, which is far better than the strategy of only considering caching without deactivation mechanism in the actual, normal situation. We also provide performance comparison amongour QEA, random sleeping algorithm and greedy algorithm, numerical results illustrate our introduced QEA performs best in accuracy and global optimality.
