论《文心雕龙·诸子》中的子学观

《诸子》是《文心雕龙》文体论中的重要篇章,主要对诸子中十家的思想和著作进行了评析。《诸子》主要从总体性质、文体论和思想理论三方面反映出了刘勰的子学观:以思想性为根本性质,以多样性为显著特征,以杂说为诸子文体特征,在尊儒的基础上推崇子学的独立位置和"离经"思想。

Effect of TiB_(2) Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ni_(60)Cr_(21)Fe_(19) Alloy in Rapid Directional Solidification Process:Molecular Dynamics Study

Molecular dynamics(MD)simulations are employed to delve into the multifaceted effects of TiB_(2) nanoparticles on the intricate grain refinement mechanism,microstructural evolution,and tensile performance of Inconel 718 superalloys during the rapid directional solidification.Specifically,the study focuses on elucidating the role of TiB2 nanoparticles in augmenting the nucleation rate during the rapid directional solidification process of Ni_(60)Cr_(21)Fe_(19) alloy system.Furthermore,subsequent tensile simulations are conducted to comprehensively evaluate the anisotropic behavior of tensile properties within the solidified microstructures.The MD results reveal that the incorporation of TiB₂nanoparticles during the rapid directional solidification of the Ni_(60)Cr_(21)Fe_(19) significantly enhances the average nucleation rate,escalating it from 1.27×10^(34)m^(-3)·s^(-1)to 2.55×10^(34)m^(-3)·s^(-1).Notably,within the face centered cube(FCC)structure,Ni atoms exhibit pronounced compositional segregation,and the solidified alloy maintains an exceptionally high dislocation density reaching up to 10^(16)m^(-2).Crucially,the rapid directional solidification process imparts a distinct microstructural anisotropy,leading to a notable disparity in tensile strength.Specifically,the tensile strength along the solidification direction is markedly superior to that perpendicular to it.This disparity arises from different deformation mechanisms under varying loading orientations.Tensile stress perpendicular to the solidification direction encourages the formation of smooth and organized mechanical twins.These twins act as slip planes,enhancing dislocation mobility and thereby improving stress relaxation and dispersion.Moreover,the results underscore the profound strengthening effect of TiB_(2) nanoparticles,particularly in enhancing the tensile strength along the rapid directional solidification direction.

Mesoscopic Simulation of Aggregate Behaviour of Polymers in β-HMX-based PBXs

The mesoscopic structures of β-HMX （octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine）- based PBXs （polymer bonded explosives） at room temperature were investigated using dissipative particle dynamics method. The parameters and repulsive parameters of dif- ferent polymers and β-HMX, the mesoscopic structures of β-HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives at different temperatures have been studied. The results showed that the compat-ibility between β-HMX and vinylidenedifluoride （VDF）,β-HMX and chlorotrifluoroethylene （CTFE）, VDF and CTFE increased with increasing temperature. The temperature and mo-lar ratio of the polymers played an important role in wrapped process. And there exists the optimum temperature and molar ratio.

Microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of TiB/Ti-1.5Fe-2.25Mo composites synthesized in situ using SPS process

TiB/Ti-1.5Fe-2.25Mo composites were synthesized in situ using the spark plasma sintering （SPS） method at temperatures of 850-1150 °C. The effect of the sintering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites was investigated. The results indicate that the aspect ratio of the in situ synthesized TiB whiskers in Ti alloy matrix decreases rapidly with an increase in sintering temperature. However, both the relative density of the sintered specimens and the volume content of TiB whiskers in composites increase with increasing sintering temperature. Thus, the bending strength of the composites synthesized using SPS process increases slowly with increasing the sintering temperature from 850 to 1150 °C. TiB/Ti-1.5Fe-2.25Mo composite synthesized at 1150 °C using SPS method exhibits the highest bending strength of 1596 MPa due to the formation of fine TiB whiskers in Ti alloy matrix and the dense microstructure of the composite.

Simulation study on non-linear effects of initial melt temperatures on microstructures during solidification process of liquid Mg_7Zn_3 alloy

The non-linear effects of different initial melt temperatures on the microstructure evolution during the solidification process of liquid Mg7Zn3 alloys were investigated by molecular dynamics simulation, The microstructure transformation mechanisms were analyzed by several methods. The system was found to be solidified into amorphous structures from different initial melt temperatures at the same cooling rate of 1×10^12 K/s, and the 1551 bond-type and the icosahedron basic cluster （12 0 12 0 ） played a key role in the microstructure transition. Different initial melt temperatures had significant effects on the final microstructures. These effects only can be clearly observed below the glass transition temperature Tg; and these effects are non-linearly related to the initial melt temperatures, and fluctuated in a certain range. However, the changes of the average atomic energy of the systems are still linearly related with the initial melt temperatures, namely, the higher the initial melt temperature is, the more stable the amorphous structure is and the stronger the glass forming ability will be.

Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation of Microscopic Properties in Diblock Copolymer Films

Mean-square bond length, root-mean-square end-to-end distance and gyration radius in diblock copolymer films have been studied by dissipative particle dynamics simulations. Results show evident linear trends of any property separately with the thickness of film, the interaction between particles of different types, the repulsion between particle and boundary, except for the dependence of the variations of mean-square bond length on the thickness of film, which exhibits as a wave trend. What＇s more, the varying trends of mean-square bond length and root-mean-square end-to-end distance can correspond to each other. The density distribution of either component in diblock copolymer film can be controlled and adjusted effectively through its interaction with boundary.

The Squeezing Effect in a Mesoscopic RLC Circuit

Using the path integral method we derive quantum wave function and quantum fluctuations of charge andcurrent in the mesoscopic RLC circuit. We find that the quantum fluctuation of charge decreases with time, oppositely,the quantum fluctuation of current increases with time monotonously. Therefore there is a squeezing effect in the circuit.If some more charge devices are used in the mesoscopic-damped circuit, the quantum noise can be reduced. We also findthat uncertainty relation of charge and current periodically varies with the period π/2 in the under-damped case.

Microscopic Mechanism of Large Fluctuation in Odd-Even Differences in Moments of Inertia for Actinide Nuclei

The experimental large fluctuation in odd-even differences in moments ofinertia of deformed actinide nuclei is investigated using the particle-number conserving (PNC)method for treating the cranked shell model with monopole and quadrupole pairing interactions. PNCcalculations show that the large odd-even difference in moments of inertia mainly comes from theinterference contributions j(μv) from particles in high j intruder orbitals μ and v quite near theFermi surface, which have no counterpart in the BCS formalism. The effective monopole andquadrupole pairing interaction strengths are determined to fit the experimental odd-even differencesin binding energies and bandhead moments of inertia. The experimental results for the variation ofmoments of inertia with rotational frequency ω are reproduced well by the PNC calculation. Thenearly identical experimental moments of inertia between ~(236)U(gsb) and ~(238)U(gsb) at lowfrequencies hω ≤ 0.20 MeV are also reproduced quite well.

From Quanta to Qualia： How a Paradigm Shift Turns Into Science

Ever since the development of quantum mechanics in the first part of the 20th century, a new world view has emerged. Today, the physicalist objective assumption that objects exist independently of acts of observation has been challenged. The repercussions of this radical challenge to our common-sense perception of the world are far-reaching, although not yet generally realized. Here we argue that there is a complementary view to the way science which is being practiced, and that consciousness itself is primary and qualia form the foundation of experience. We outline the arguments of why the new science of qualia will tie objects that are being perceived to the subjective experience, through the units of subjective experience called qualia. If there is a reality that exists outside of perceptions in consciousness, it is indeed inconceivable. The reason is that once one subtracts everything that one can sense, imagine, feel, or think about, there＇s nothing left. Since qualia are subjective, they challenge the dominant world view of science as practiced today, which is reductionist, objective, and mathematical. Our view is a natural continuation of the quantum world view. We outline what the steps will have to be in order to fully develop the science of qualia.

Effects of sintering temperature and holding time on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe prepared by spark plasma sintering

Ti185 alloy is widely used in key industrial fields such as aerospace due to its excellent mechanical properties.The traditional method of preparing Ti185 alloy will inevitably appear“βfleck”,resulting in the decrease of mechanical properties,and the high price of V element limits the wide application of Ti185.In this paper,a low-cost master alloy V-Fe powder is used,a dense block is prepared by spark plasma sintering(SPS)technology,and a high-performance Ti185 alloy is prepared by controlling the sintering parameters.XRD and SEM were used to investigate the phase and microstructure of the samples prepared under different parameters.The compressive strength and friction properties of the directly prepared samples were studied.The samples with a sintering temperature of 1350 ℃ and a holding time of 30 min exhibited the most excellent comprehensive performance,with the highest compressive strength and lowest friction coefficient of 1931.59 MPa and 0.47,respectively.

The research on philosophy thought of quantum theory——The discussion about Bohr＇s and Heisenberg＇s natural science philosophy outlook

Analysises and resrarches into Bohr’s quantum dialectics of nature of mutual complement and Heisenberg’s quantumphilosophy outlook. It gets a deeper and more systematic comgnition and comprehension to quantum theory philosophy thought.

Dust particles in free troposphere over Chinese desert region revealed from balloon borne measurements under calm weather conditions

The Taklamakan Desert in China is one of the major source regions for Asian dust particles.All balloon-borne measurements in this report were carried out in Dunhuang,in the Taklamakan Desert,during calm weather conditions.The aerosol number concentration,size distribution,mass concentration,and horizontal mass flux due to westerly wind were investigated.The measurements were performed on 17 August 2001,17 October 2001,11 January 2002,and 30 April 2002.Five channels(0.3,0.5,0.8,1.2,and 3.6μm in diameter)were used in the Optical Particle Counter for particle measurements.The aerosol number concentration in the winter season(11 January 2002)at 3–5 km was very high.Variation of free-tropospheric aerosols on 30 April 2002 was noticeable.A super-micron range was noticeable in the size distribution of all the measurements.Many variations in temperature and aerosol concentration were found at these inversion points.High values of estimated mass concentration of aerosols were frequently observed in the atmosphere near the ground(i.e.,1–2 km);and interestingly,relatively high concentrations were frequently detected above 2 km from the surface.Wind patterns observed using ERA-Interim data at 500 and 850 hPa showed that westerly winds dominated in the Taklamakan Desert during the observation period.The average horizontal mass flux of background Asian dust due to westerly wind was observed to fall within the range of 58.5–1219 tons km?2 d?1.Vertical profiles of aerosol number concentrations showed that significant transport of aerosols dominated in the westerly region(i.e.,4–7 km).

Stochastic Thermodynamics of Mesoscopic Electrochemical Reactions

In this work, we discussed the stochastic thermodynamics of mesoscopic electron transfer reactions between ions and electrodes. With a relationship between the reaction rate con- stant and the electrode potential, we find that the heat dissipation βq equals to the dynamic irreversibility of the reaction system minus an internal entropy change term. The total en- tropy change Ast is defined as the summation of the system entropy change As and the heat dissipation/βq such that △st=△s＋βq. Even though the heat dissipation depends linearly on the electrode potential, the total entropy change is found to satisfy the fluctuation theo- rem 〈e-△st 〉=1, and hence a second law-like inequality reads （△st）≥0. Our study provides a practical methodology for the stochastic thermodynamics of electrochemical reactions, which may find applications in biochemical and electrochemical reaction systems.

A Possible Macroscopic-Photo-Catalysis Mechanism in Solar Furnace

Based on the experimental results of Chen et al. to use the solar furnace and medium frequency induction furnace to extract boron impurity from metallurgical silicon, we propose a strong radiation catalysis mechanism to explain the difference of reaction rates in these two furnaces. The postulate assuming the photons striking on the material not only increase the thermal energy of the molecules of reactants but also lower down the energy barrier of the reaction to speed up the chemical reaction. It is believed the photon catalysis mechanism is unlversall in most of high temperature chemical reactions and looking forward to more evidences for the postulate proposed in this article.

Spin-Polarized Transport through a Quantum Dot Coupled to Ferromagnetic Leads and a Mesoscopic Ring

Using an equation of motion technique, we investigate the spin-polarized transport through a quantum dot coupled to ferromagnetic leads and a mesoseopie ring by the Anderson Hamiltonian. We analyze the transmission probability of this system in both the equilibrium and nonequilibrium cases, and our results reveal that the transport properties show some noticeable characteristics depending upon the spin-polarized strength p, the magnetic flux Ф and the number of lattice sites NR in the mesoseopic ring. These effects might have some potential applications in spintronics.

Histopathological Analysis of Liver During Pregnancy Toxemia in Small-tailed Han Sheep

The present work aimed to investigate the microscopic and ultramicro- scopic structure of the liver to assess the level of hepatic impairment during preg- nancy toxemia. Seven pregnant small-tailed Han sheep of negative urine ketone bodies were assessed in this study. Toxemia was induced by limiting food and movement tate in pregnancy. Three sheep developed obvious clinical symptoms with motor weakness, depression, anorexia, locomotion disturbances, blindness and lan- guishment. We harvested their liver tissues as pathological material, and used rou- tine histological and electronic microscopy methods to observe the histopathological changes in small-tailed Han sheep induced by pregnancy toxemia. Autopsy of the livers of the sheep revealed deep yellow coloration, intumescence and hemorrhage on the surface. Microstructural features indicated fatty degeneration, which is a main characteristic of fatty liver. Hepatocellular ultrastructural changes were observed un- der an electronic microscope. The characteristic findings were nucieolus concentra- tion, vacuolation of mitochondria and excessive glycogen granules in the cytoplasm. Via this experimental protocol, pregnancy toxemia of sheep was successfully in- duced, providing a pathological model for the study of this disease. After the experi- mental induction of pregnancy toxemia, the clinical symptoms of pathogenic sheep and pathological changes to their livers exhibited obvious characteristics of pregnan- cy toxemia.

DNA methylation level of promoter region of activating transcription factor 5 in glioma

Transcription factors, which represent an important class of proteins that play key roles in controlling cellular proliferation and cell cycle modulation, are attractive targets for cancer therapy. Previous researches have shown that the expression level of activating transcription factor 5 （ATF5） was frequently increased in glioma and its acetylation level was related to glioma. The purposes of this study were to explore the methylation level of ATF5 in clinical glioma tissues and to explore the effect of ATF5 methylation on the expression of ATF5 in glioma. Methylation of the promoter region of ATF5 was assayed by bisulflte-specific polymerase chain reaction （PCR） sequencing analysis in 35 cases of glioma and 5 normal tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） was also performed to detect ATF5 mRNA expression in 35 cases of glioma and 5 normal tissues. Clinical data were collected from the patients and analyzed. The percentages of methylation of the ATF5 gene in the promoter region in healthy control, patients with well-differentiated glioma, and those with poorly differentiated glioma were 87.78%, 73.89%, and 47.70%, respectively. Analysis of the methylation status of the promoter region of the ATF5 gene showed a gradually de- creased methylation level in poorly differentiated glioma, well-differentiated glioma, and normal tissues （P〈0.05）. There was also a significant difference between well-differentiated glioma and poorly differentiated glioma （P〈0.05）. ATF5 mRNA expression in glioma was significantly higher than that in the normal tissues （P〈0.05）. This study provides the first evidence that the methylation level of ATF5 decreased, and its mRNA expression was evidently up-regulated in glioma.

Recent advances of the Bergman cyclization in polymer science

The Bergman cyclization has strongly impacted on a number of fields including pharmaceutics, synthetic chemistry, and material science. The diradical intermediates stemmed from enediynes can not only cause DNA cleavage under physiological conditions but also function as monomer or initiator participants in polymer science. The homo-polymerization of enediynes through the Bergman cyclization to fabricate conjugated polymers is a fascinating strategy due to the advantages of facial operation, high efficiency, tailored structure, and catalyst-free operation. Moreover, conjugated polymers generated through the Bergman cyclization show many remarkable properties, such as excellent thermal stability, good solubility, and processability, which enables these polymers to be further manufactured into carbon-rich materials. Recent times have seen extensive efforts devoted to the application of the Bergman cyclization in polymer science and materials chemistry. A variety of synthetic strategies have been developed to fabricate structurally unique materials via the Bergman cyclization, including the fabrication of rod-like polymers with polyester, dendrimers and chiral imide side chains, functionalization of carbon nanomaterials by surface-grafting conjugated polymers, formation of nanoparticles by intramolecular collapse of single polymer chains, and the construction of carbon nanomembranes with different morphologies. Future developments involving the Bergman cyclization in polymer science, probably by altering the reaction mechanism to precisely control the microstructure of polymeric products, are also proposed in this review article.

Characteristic atom arranging crystallogphy of alloy phases for Au-Cu system

In this paper,it is pointed out that the descriptions of alloy phase structures are dependent on structural unit sequence.In the systematic science of alloys(SSA),the alloy phase structures are described by means of the symmetry element sequence combining with characteristic atom sequence.It is named the characteristic atom arranging structure,which can display the characteristic atoms at the lattice sites and the micro-inhomogeneity,besides the symmetry.Each characteristic atom has its own characters:neighboring configuration,potential energy,volume and electronic structure.The micro-inhomogeneity of alloy phases can be described by concentrations and short-range ordered parameters of characteristic atoms.The differences between the electronic structures of alloy phases and electronic structures of characteristic atoms in the alloy phases are also discussed.

Experimental demonstration of photonic quantum ratchet

We create a potential for light with a phase mirror and then experimentally realize a photonic quantum ratchet in an all-optical system, in which ratchet effects can be observed with the naked eye up to more than 22 steps, and quantum resonance can be demonstrated. Our method also provides a new means to simulate quantum particles with classical light, and it can be applied to investigate many other quantum phenomena.