PET-CT脑血流检查中静脉注射示踪剂的护理

正电子发射型计算机体层摄影术/计算机辅助断层（positron emission computed tomography/computed tomography,PET/CT）可将PET与CT图像进行融合,从分子水平无创地显示人体内的生理、生化过程,能够早期发现病灶和提高诊断疾病的准确性[1]。

编者的话

目前,核医学分子影像探针以其灵敏、安全而著称,并被研究最多、最活跃,因为任何靶向物质都有可能被微量的正电子核素或单光子核素标记而分别用于PET或SPECT成像研究。现在,PET、SPECT已结合了CT,形成全新的PET/CT、SPECT/CT分子影像设备,产生了既能定性又有定位解剖信息的综合影像图像。PET还与MR结合,诞生了PET/MR,使分子影像设备实现了强强联合。符合测量是正电子核素探测的基本原理,和拥有上万个符合探测单元。

Nuclear factor-kappaB activation on the reactive oxygen species in acute necrotizing pancreatitic rats

AIM： To investigate the potential role of nuclear factor kappa-B （NF-κB） activation on the reactive oxygen species in rat acute necrotizing pancreatitis （ANP） and to assess the effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate （PDTC, an inhibitor of NF-κB）.METHODS： Rat ANP model was established by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into biliopancreatic duct. Rats were randomly assigned to three groups （10 rats each）： Control group, ANP group and PDTC group. At the 6^th of the model, the changes of the serum amylase,nitric oxide （NO）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and pancreatic morphological damage were observed. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide （iNOS） were observed by SP immunohistochemistry. And bhe expressions of NF-κB p65 subunit mRNA were observed by hybridization in situ.RESULTS： Serum amylase and NO level decreased significantly in ANP group as compared with PDTC administrated group [（7 170.40＋1 308.63） U/L vs（4 074.10＋1 719.78） U/L,P〈0.05], [（76.95±9.04） μmol/L vs （65.18±9.02） μmol/L,P〈0.05] respectively. MDA in both ANP and PDTC group rose significantly over that in control group [（9.88＋1.52）nmol/L, （8.60±1.41） nmol/L, vs （6.04：hl.78） nmol/L,P〈0.05], while there was no significant difference between them. SOD levels in both ANP and PDTC group underwent a significant decrease as compared with that in control[（3 214.59±297.74） NU/mL, （3 260.62±229.44） NU/mL,vs（3 977.80＋309.09） NU/mL, P〈0.05], but there was no significant difference between them. Though they were still higher bhan those in Control group, pancreas destruction was slighter in PDTC group, iNOS expression and NF-κB p65 subunit mRNA expression were lower in PDTC group as compared with ANP group.CONCLUSION： We conclude that correlation among NF-κB activation, serum amylase, reactive oxygen species level and tissue damage suggests a key role of NF-κB in the pathogenesis of ANP. Inhibition of NF-κB activation may reverse the pancreatic damage of rat ANP and the production of reactive oxygen species.

Up-regulation of intestinal nuclear factor kappa B and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 following traumatic brain injury in rats

AIM: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) regulates a large number of genes involved in the inflammatory response to critical illnesses, but it is not known if and how NF-KB is activated and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expressed in the gut following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of current study was to investigate the temporal pattern of intestinal NF-κB activation and ICAM-1 expression following TBI. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (6 rats in each group) including controls with sham operation and TBI groups at hours 3, 12, 24, and 72, and on d 7. Parietal brain contusion was adopted using weight-dropping method. All rats were decapitated at corresponding time point and mid-jejunum samples were taken. NF-KB binding activity in jejunal tissue was measured using EMSA. Immunohistochemistry was used for detection of ICAM-1 expression in jejunal samples. RESULTS: There was a very low NF-κB binding activity and little ICAM-1 expression in the gut of control rats after sham surgery. NF-KB binding activity in jejunum significantly increased by 160% at 3 h following TBI (P<0.05 vs control), peaked at 72 h (500% increase) and remained elevated on d 7 post-injury by 390% increase. Compared to controls, ICAM-1 was significantly up-regulated on the endothelia of microvessels in villous interstitium and lamina propria by 24 h following TBI and maximally expressed at 72 h post-injury (P<0.001). The endothelial ICAM-1 immunoreactivity in jejunal mucosa still remained strong on d 7 post-injury. The peak of NF-κB activation and endothelial ICAM-1 expression coincided in time with the period during which secondary mucosal injury of the gut was also at their culmination following TBI. CONCLUSION: TBI could induce an immediate and persistent up-regulation of NF-κB activity and subsequent up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression in the intestine. Inflammatory response mediated by increased NF-κB activation and ICAM-1 expression may play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute gut mucosal injury following TBI.

Enhanced Riboflavin Production by Expressing Heterologous Riboflavin Operon from B.cereus ATCC14579 in Bacillus subtilis

Fragment containing the whole riboflavin(rib)operons of B.cereus ATCC14579 was detected from GenBank and annotated.The rib operon of ATCC14579 was cloned with Pn,its native promoter,or with P43,the vegetative growth promoter,into the plasmid.Expression analysis showed that heterologous rib operon was operative in B.subtilis.Integrative plasmid with P43-rib fragment was integrated into the chromosome of B.subtilis RH33,yielding transformant B.subtilis PY.With optimized medium components,4.3 g·L -1 of riboflavin was achieved in batch culture of B.subtilis PY,which was 27%enhancement compared to the host strain.Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)analysis indicated that the transcriptional level of ribA maintained 2.8-fold higher with the expression of herterologous rib operon.Furthermore,the stability of B.subtilis PY was increased form 45%to 87%.The high transcriptional level of rib gene and higher stability of B.subtilis PY could explain the increased riboflavin production.

Single-Proton Pickup Reaction of the Halo Nucleus ^6He on a ^9Be Target at 25 MeV/nucleon

The inclusive differential cross sections of the ^7 Li nucleus in a reaction induced by ^6He on a ^9Be target are measured at an incident energy of 25 MeV/nucleon. Finite-range distorted-wave Born approximation calculations suggest that these ^7 Li particles are formed in a direct single-proton pickup reaction ^9Be（^6He,^7 Li）^8Li. The experimental data can be well reproduced by taking into account of the contributions of both the ground states and the first excited states of ^7Li and ^8Li.

Purification and characterization of Moschatin, a novel type Ⅰ ribosomeinactivating protein from the mature seeds of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), and preparation of its immunotoxin against human melanoma cells

A novel ribosome-inactivating protein designated Moschatin from the mature seeds of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) has been successively purified to homogeneity, using ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-cellulose 52 column chromatography, Blue Sepharose CL-6B Affinity column chromatography and FPLC size-exclusion column chromatography. Moschatin is a type 1 RIP with a pI of 9.4 and molecular weight of~29 kD. It is a rRNA N-glycosidase and potently blocked the protein synthesis in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate with a IC_(50) of 0.26 nM. Using the anti-human melanoma McAb Ng76, a novel immunotoxin Moschatin-Ng76 was prepared successfully and it efficiently inhibited the growth of targeted melanoma cells M_(21) with a IC_(50) of 0.04 nM, 1500 times lower than that of free Moschatin. The results implied that Moschatin could be used as a new potential anticancer agent.

PLASMA RESISTIN LEVELS AND SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS IN RESISTIN GENE 5 FLANKING REGION IN PATIENTS WITH STROKE

Objective To analyze the role of resistin in insulin resistance (IR) through investigating the variation of plasma resistin levels and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in resistin gene 5’ flanking region in stroke patients.Methods In 103 atherothrombotic cerebral infarction (ACI) patients, 85 lacunar infarction (LI) patients, 70 intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients, and 86 healthy controls, plasma resistin and insulin levels were measured by ELISA , SNPs in resistin gene 5’ flanking region were detected by PCR and direct DNA sequencing. The subjects’ body height and weight, the body mass index, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), blood pressure, and the concentration of fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein were also determined. Results QUICKI was significantly lower in the ACI and ICH patients (0.316±0.037 and 0.309±0.032, respectively) than that in the controls (0.342±0.043, P<0.001), while plasma resistin level was significantly higher in the ACI and ICH patients (6.36±3.79 and 7.15±4.27 ng/mL, respectively) than that in the controls (5.28±2.56 ng/mL, P<0.05), but such difference was not observed in the LI patients compared with controls. There was a statistically negative correlation between plasma resistin level with QUICKI (r=-0.228, P<0.001). The distributions of allele and genotype frequencies of resistin gene -420C>G and -537A>C SNPs were not significantly different among the different groups, and those SNPs were not correlated with other clinical and biochemical parameters.Conclusions Plasma resistin is associated with stroke by participating in the development of IR. The SNPs in resistin gene 5’ flanking region has no impact on the plasma resistin level.

Facilitating effects of berberine on rat pancreatic islets through modulating hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha expression and glucokinase activity

AIM： To observe the effect of berberine on insulin secretion in rat pancreatic islets and to explore its possible molecular mechanism. METHODS： Pdmary rat islets were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats by collagenase digestion and treated with different concentrations （1, 3, 10 and 30 μmol/L） of berberine or 1 μmol/L Glibenclamide （GB） for 24 h. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion （GSIS） assay was conducted and insulin was determined by radioimmunoassay. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay was performed to evaluate cytotoxicity. The mRNA level of hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha （HAIF4α） was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. Indirect immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis were employed to detect protein expression of HNF4α in the islets. Glucokinase （GK） activity was measured by spectrophotometric method. RESULTS： Berberine enhanced GSIS rather than basal insulin secretion dose-dependently in rat islets and showed no significant cytotoxicity on islet cells at the concentration of 10 μmol/L. Both mRNA and protein expressions of HNF4α were up-regulated by berberine in a dose-dependent manner, and GK activity was also increased accordingly. However, GB demonstrated no regulatory effects on HNF4α expression or GK activity. CONCLUSION： Berberine can enhance GSIS in rat islets, and probably exerts the insulinotropic effect via a pathway involving HNF4α and GK, which is distinct from sulphonylureas （SUs）.

Midkine, a cytokine that inhibits HIV infection by binding to the cell surface expressed nucleolin

The growth factor midkine （MK） is a cytokine that inhibits HIV infection in cell cultures in an autocrine and paracrine manner by blocking the attachment of HIV particles to permissive cells. MK mRNA is systematically expressed in adult peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy donors, while its expression becomes markedly but transiently increased upon in vitro treatment of lymphocytes with IL-2 or IFN-7 and activation of T lymphocytes by PHA or through the engagement of the CD28 antigen. The binding of MK to cells occurs specifically at a high and a low affinity binding site. This low affinity-binding site is the cell-surface expressed nucleolin, which is implicated in the mechanism of the initial attachment of HIV particles to cells. Accordingly, the nucleolin-binding HB-19 pseudopeptide has no effect on the MK binding to the high affinity binding site, whereas it prevents the binding of MK to the low affinity binding site, thus suggesting the low affinity receptor of MK is the cell-surface-expressed nucleolin. Confocal immunofluorescence laser microscopy revealed the colocalization of MK and the cell-surface-expressed nucleolin at distinct spots. The use of various deletion constructs of nucleolin then indicates that the extreme C-terminal end of nucleolin, containing repeats of the amino acid motif RGG, as the domain that binds MK. The specific binding of MK to the surface nucleolin is independent of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. After binding to cells, MK enters cells by an active process in which nucleolin and lipid rafts appear to be implicated. The potent and the distinct anti-HIV action of MK along with its enhanced expression in lymphocytes by various physiological stimuli, point out that MK is a cytokine that could be involved in HIV pathogenesis.

Total Routhian Surface Calculations on Hf Isotopes

The two-dimensional total routhian surface calculations have been carried out to stud）, the triaxial superdeformed structure of a neutron-rich nucleus ^173 Hf firstly. In particular the effects of the rotational frequency ω and pairing-energy gap parameter A are discussed in detail in the course of shaping its triaxial superdeformation; additionally the neutron-shell correction energy is analyzed with emphasis in the confirmed triaxial superdeformed nucleus ^173Hf. Finally, more systematical results have been investigated for some confirmed superdeformed nuclei experimentally and a few predicted triaxial superdeformed nuclei theoretically with quadropole deformation ε2 ≈0.4 and triaxial deformation γ≈20° or 30° in the Z = 72 region.

Nucleon—Pair Shell Model：Magnetic Excitations for Ba Isotopes

Magnetic excitations for Ba isotopes are discussed within the nucleon-pair shell model truncated in the SD subspace. With the SD pair determined by a surface- interaction, M1 transitions for are well fitted. The M1 and M3 transitions for and are also predicted. It is shown that the statement, the collective magnetic properties are due to the orbital motion of nucleons, is approximately valid.

Influence of Isotope on Shell Effects of Pre-scission Particle Evaporation

The shell effects on the particle evaporation prior to fission for three Pb isotopes, ^204Pb, ^208Pb, and ^212pb,as well as three Sn isotopes, ^128Sn, ^132Sn, and ^136Sn, are explored by a diffusion model. Calculations show that the magnitude of shell effects in the emission of particles changes with the neutron-to-proton ratio N/Z of these fissioning nuclei, and this change is affected significantly by the spin and excitation energy of the system. It is shown that high angular momentum enhances the dependence of shell effects on the N/Z while high excitation energy weakens such a dependence.

Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-2 is involved in IL-18-induced NF-κB activation

objective: To investigate whether interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-2 (IRAK-2) is involved in interleukin-18 (IL-18)-induced nuclear factor- κ B (NF-κ B) activation. Methods: Phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) was designed antisense to sequences of IRAK-2. Antisense IRAK-2 ODN was delivered by lipofectin encapsulation into cultured HepG2 cells. IRAK-2 mRNA expression was assayed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR. The levels of NF- K B were measured by sandwich ELISA. Results: Antisense IRAK-2 ODN blocked IRAK -2expression. IL-18 activated NT- K B and the A value increased from a basal level of 0.115±0.004 to 2.141 ±0.038. Antisense IRAK-2 ODN inhibited IL-18-induced NT- K B activation in a dose (1-8μg )-dependent fashion. When the cells were treated with 4μg antisense IRAK-2 ODN for 8 h, a maximum inhibition of 45.4% was induced as shown by the reduction of the OD value from a control level of 2.141±0.038 down to 1.168±0.026. Conclusion: IRAK-2 can regulate IL-18-stimulated NF- K B activation.

TRANSPORT OF RADIONUCLIDES ALONG MARINE FOODCHAIN

A compartment model is employed to calculate the radionuclide concentrations in the ocean currents for a nuclear accient scenario where the long-lived 137Cs is totally discharged into the sea. The radionuclide concentrations in both the waters of Daya Bay and the adjacent South China Sea are considered. Using the concentration factors for the marine organisms: fish, crustacea and mollusca, their radionuclide concentrations are also estimated. In this way, the whole body radiation doses received by an individual due to ingestion of marine organisms from the Daya Bay and the South China Sea are calculated.

Effect of cefodizime on cytokines expression in mouse neutrophils and its related mechanism

Objective： To explore the regulating effects of cefodizime on cytokines expression of neutrophil response to Klebsiella pneumoniae （Kle. p） treatment. Methods： We detected the types and expression of cytokines secreted by neutrophils by cDNA array and RT-PCR. We also analyzed the changes of signal transduction in this process by detecting the expression of toll like receptor 4 （TLR4） and the inhibitor factor of κBα （I-κBα） expressed by neutrophils. The activity of NF-κB DNA-binding in neutrophils was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA）. Results： Cefodizime increased the neutrophils production of TNF-α, IL-β3 and the mRNA expression of TLR4 in the early stage of Kle. p stimulation in mice, which seemed corresponding to the enhanced NF-κB DNA-binding activity. Conclusion： Cefodizime regulates the cytokines expression of neutrophils through the LPS-TLR4-NF-κB pathway by affecting the expression of TLR4 mRNA and the DNA binding activities of NF-κB in mice with the challenge of Kle. p.

ARGININE VASOPRESSIN GENE EXPRESSION IN SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS AND PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMOUS FOLLOWING CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA AND REPERFUSION

Background. Our previous studies indicated that the increased arginine vasopressin(AVP) in ischemic brain regions of gerbils could exacerbate the ischemic brain edema. This experiments is further clarify the relation between AVP and cerebral ischemia at the molecular level. Methods. The contents of AVP, AVP mRNA, AVP immunoreactive(ir) neurons in supraoptic nucleus(SON) and paraventricular nucleus(PVN) after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion were respectively determined by radioimmunoassay(RIA), immunocytochemistry(ⅡC), situ hybridization and computed image pattern analysis. Results. The contents of AVP in SON, PVN were increased, and the AVP ir positive neurons in SON and PVN were also significantly increased as compared with the controls after ischemia and reperfusion. And there were very light staining of AVP ir positive neurons in the other brain areas such as suprachiasmatic nucleus (SC) and periventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PE), but these have no significant changes as compared with the controls. During different periods of cerebral ischemia (30～120 min) and reperfusion (30 min), AVP mRNA expression in SON and PVN were more markedly increased than the controls. Conclusions. The transcription of AVP gene elevated, then promoting synthesis and release of AVP in SON, PVN. Under the specific condition of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, the activity and contents of central AVP increased abnormally is one of the important factors which causes ischemia brain damage.

On Q Values and Other Energy Parameters for Superheavy Element Synthesis

Q value and optimal exciting energy of hypothetical superheavy nuclei in cold fusion reaction are calculated with relativistic mean field model and semiemperical shell model mass equation (SSME) and the validity of the two models is tested. To give useful references for the experiments in the superheavy nuclei synthesized in cold fusion reactions,the Q value, fusion barrier and optimal exciting energy for the possible target plus projectile combinations suggested by Gupta et al. are calculated and the most possible target plus projectile combinations are pointed out according to our calculations.

Shape Coexistence for ^179Hg in Relativistic Mean-Field Theory

The potential energy surface of179 Hg is traced and the multi-shape coexistence phenomenon in that nucleus is studied within the relativistic mean-field theory with quadrupole moment constraint. The calculation results of binding energies and charge radii of mercury isotopes are in good agreement with the experimental data.

The Nuclear Chemistry Odd-Even Periodic Table of the Elements

Odd-Even Periodic Table of Chemical Elements designed by the authors settles the position of Hydrogen and Helium, Additionally, it yields no exceptional arrangements for neither the Lanthanides, Actinide and Super Actinides nor the six empty spots and the controversy on the positions of hydrogen and helium has been settled. It plays an important role in comparing the stability of nucleons and predicting the ordinal of the terminal element.