自适应卡尔曼滤波器在车用锂离子动力电池SOC估计上的应用

进行了用自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波（AEKF）算法估计电动车用锂离子动力电池的荷电状态（SOC）的研究。基于混合脉冲功率特性（HPPC）试验，利用遗传优化算法改进Thevenin电路模型参数辨识方法，且从充放电两个方向来获得模型参数，然后在动态应力测试（DST）工况下对改进的模型进行仿真验证分析，基于改进的模型和联邦城市行驶工况（FUDS），应用AEKF算法开展SOC估计研究。仿真和台架试验结果对比表明，改进的Thevenin电路模型和AEKF算法均具有较高的精度，最大估算误差分别为1．70％和2．53％；同时AEKF算法具有较好的鲁棒性，可以有效地解决初始估算不准和累计误差的问题。

不同能量质子辐照诱发子电池GaAs退化模拟研究

为了研究空间辐照诱发的子电池GaAs相关参数的退化行为,以三结太阳电池的子电池GaAs为研究对象,开展了不同辐照条件下的质子辐照模拟研究,建立了子电池GaAs结构模型,得到了不同辐照能量和注量下短路电流、开路电压、转化因子、最大功率的退化结果。利用现有实验数据,验证了不同能量质子辐照诱发的子电池GaAs的归一化最大功率随质子注量的退化。结合子电池GaAs在不同辐照条件下的最大功率退化结果,得到了归一化最大功率随位移损伤剂量的退化方程。研究结果表明:质子辐照诱发的辐照缺陷是导致子电池退化的直接原因,子电池GaAs的短路电流、开路电压、转化因子和最大功率随质子注量的增加而逐渐退化。当质子注量大于1×10^(11)cm^(-2)时,子电池GaAs的归一化电学参数的退化幅度与质子注量的对数值近似成正比,电学参数的退化随质子辐照能量的减小而逐渐增加。质子辐照诱发的子电池GaAs的外量子效率在长波长范围内的退化情况比其在短波长范围内的退化情况更严重。

1 MeV电子辐照对InGaAsP/InGaAs双结电池电学参数的影响

为研究空间用四结太阳电池中InGaAsP/InGaAs子电池在电子辐照条件下的性能衰退情况,对InGaAsP/InGaAs双结电池开展了1 MeV电子辐照试验,测试了辐照前后的电学参数和量子效率,分析讨论了参数退化情况。结果表明:随着电子注量和位移损伤剂量的增加,电池性能参数退化程度逐渐加大;由位移损伤缺陷导致的载流子寿命减小,是导致电池短路电流和开路电压下降的主要原因;InGaAsP/InGaAs双结电池基区损伤比发射区损伤更加严重,因此,提高其抗辐射能力的关键在于优化基区结构。

边缘湿法刻蚀GaInP/GaAs/Ge太阳电池研究

介绍了一种边缘湿法刻蚀工艺制备GalnP/GaAs/Ge三结太阳电池的技术,因刻蚀形成的划切槽界面光滑程度远高于砂轮划切界面,有效降低了复合中心的密度,从而提升了太阳电池的光电转换性能。通过一种含溴的水溶液一次性刻蚀替代了传统的不同溶液交替刻蚀相应Ⅲ-Ⅴ族材料,显微镜下,含溴水溶液工艺获得的划切槽明显优于交替溶液刻蚀形成的划切槽;通过一次性湿法刻蚀、两次套刻和真空蒸镀工艺制作的具有划切槽太阳电池AMO下光电转换效率达到29.13%,高于无划切槽工艺制作的GalnP/GaAs/Ge电池效率。

键合集成AlGaInP/GaAs/InGaAsP/InGaAs太阳电池组分与厚度对效率的影响

寻找比传统晶格匹配GaInP/InGaAs/Ge结构具有很高效率的高效太阳电池体系是目前高效太阳电池研究重点。基于直接键合集成技术的AlzGa1-zInP/GaAs/In1-xGaxAsyP1-y/InGaAs四结太阳电池是一条有效的途径。该结构中In-GaAsP材料光学带隙可以在0.75～1.35 eV之间连续调节。作为一种新结构,一些关键点还是不清楚,比如考虑材料吸收系数与实际厚度限制下的带隙优化组合,子电池厚度与最高效率之间的耦合影响等,这些都对结构设计提出了新的挑战。采用半经验全局优化工具,研究了InGaAsP子电池组分和吸收系数比较小的InGaAs子电池厚度这两个因素对最高效率的影响,并对器件设计给出了一些方向性意见。

A review on the cooling of energy conversion and storage systems using thermoelectric modules

Exploitation of sustainable energy sources requires the use of unique conversion and storage systems,such as solar panels,batteries,fuel cells,and electronic equipment.Thermal load management of these energy conversion and storage systems is one of their challenges and concerns.In this article,the thermal management of these systems using thermoelectric modules is reviewed.The results show that by choosing the right option to remove heat from the hot side of the thermoelectric modules,it will be a suitable local cooling,and the thermoelectric modules increase the power and lifespan of the system by reducing the spot temperature.Thermoelectric modules were effective in reducing panel temperature.They increase the time to reach a temperature above 50℃ in batteries by 3 to 4 times.Also,in their integration with fuel cells,they increase the power density of the fuel cell.

A review of hard carbon anodes for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries

Hard carbons(HCs)are recognized as potential anode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)because of their low cost,environmental friendliness,and the abundance of their precursors.The presence of graphitic domains,numerous pores,and disordered carbon layers in HCs plays a significant role in determining their sodium storage ability,but these structural features depend on the precursor used.The influence of functional groups,including heteroatoms and oxygen-containing groups,and the microstructure of the precursor on the physical and electrochemical properties of the HC produced are evaluated,and the effects of carbonization conditions(carbonization temperature,heating rate and atmosphere)are also discussed.

A review of anode materials for sodium ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are used in electric vehicles and portable smart devices,but lithium resources are dwindling and there is an increasing demand which has to be catered for.Sodium ion batteries(SIBs),which are less costly,are a promising replacement for LIBs because of the abundant natural reserves of sodium.The anode of a SIB is a necessary component of the battery but is less understood than the cathode.This review outlines the development of various types of anodes,including carbonbased,metallic and organic,which operate using different reaction mechanisms such as intercalation,alloying and conversion,and considers their challenges and prospects.Strategies for modifying their structures by doping and coating,and also modifying the solid electrolyte interface are discussed.In addition,this review also discusses the challenges encountered by the anode of SIBs and the solutions.

Nitrogen⁃doped 3D graphene⁃carbon nanotube network for efficient lithium storage

A 3D nitrogen⁃doped graphene/multi⁃walled carbon nanotube(CS⁃GO⁃NCNT)crosslinked network mate⁃rial was successfully synthesized utilizing chitosan and melamine as carbon and nitrogen sources,concomitant with the incorporation of multi⁃wall carbon nanotubes and employing freeze drying technology.The material amalgamates the merits of 1D/2D hybrid carbon materials,wherein 1D carbon nanotubes confer robustness and expedited elec⁃tron transport pathways,while 2D graphene sheets facilitate rapid ion migration.Furthermore,the introduction of nitrogen heteroatoms serves to furnish additional active sites for lithium storage.When served as an anode material for lithium⁃ion batteries,the CS⁃GO⁃NCNT electrode delivered a reversible capacity surpassing 500 mAh·g^(-1),mark⁃edly outperforming commercial graphite anodes.Even after 300 cycles at a high current density of 1 A·g^(-1),it remained a reversible capacity of up to 268 mAh·g^(-1).

The potassium storage performance of carbon nanosheets derived from heavy oils

As by-products of petroleum refining,heavy oils are characterized by a high carbon content,low cost and great variability,making them competitive precursors for the anodes of potassium ion batteries(PIBs).However,the relationship between heavy oil composition and potassium storage performance remains unclear.Using heavy oils containing distinct chemical groups as the carbon source,namely fluid catalytic cracking slurry(FCCS),petroleum asphalt(PA)and deoiled asphalt(DOA),three carbon nanosheets(CNS)were prepared through a molten salt method,and used as the anodes for PIBs.The composition of the heavy oil determines the lamellar thicknesses,sp3-C/sp2-C ratio and defect concentration,thereby affecting the potassium storage performance.The high content of aromatic hydrocarbons and moderate amount of heavy component moieties in FCCS produce carbon nanosheets(CNS-FCCS)that have a smaller layer thickness,larger interlayer spacing(0.372 nm),and increased number of folds than in CNS derived from the other three precursors.These features give it faster charge/ion transfer,more potassium storage sites and better reaction kinetics.CNS-FCCS has a remarkable K^(+)storage capacity(248.7 mAh g^(-1) after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g^(-1)),long cycle lifespan(190.8 mAh g^(-1) after 800 cycles at 1.0 A g^(-1))and excellent rate capability,ranking it among the best materials for this application.This work sheds light on the influence of heavy oil composition on carbon structure and electrochemical performance,and provides guidance for the design and development of advanced heavy oil-derived carbon electrodes for PIBs.

Porous silicon/carbon composites as anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Silicon anodes are promising for use in lithium-ion batteries.However,their practical application is severely limited by their large volume expansion leading to irreversible material fracture and electrical disconnects.This study proposes a new top-down strategy for preparing microsize porous silicon and introduces polyacrylonitrile(PAN)for a nitrogen-doped carbon coating,which is designed to maintain the internal pore volume and lower the expansion of the anode during lithiation and delithiation.We then explore the effect of temperature on the evolution of the structure of PAN and the electrochemical behavior of the composite electrode.After treatment at 400℃,the PAN coating retains a high nitrogen content of 11.35 at%,confirming the presence of C—N and C—O bonds that improve the ionic-electronic transport properties.This treatment not only results in a more intact carbon layer structure,but also introduces carbon defects,and produces a material that has remarkable stable cycling even at high rates.When cycled at 4 A g^(-1),the anode had a specific capacity of 857.6 mAh g^(-1) even after 200 cycles,demonstrating great potential for high-capacity energy storage applications.

A review of the carbon coating of the silicon anode in highperformance lithium-ion batteries

In the development of rechargeable lithium ion batteries(LIBs),silicon anodes have attracted much attention because of their extremely high theoretical capacity,relatively low Li-insertion voltage and the availability of silicon resources.However,their large volume expansion and fragile solid electrolyte interface(SEI)film hinder their commercial application.To solve these problems,Si has been combined with various carbon materials to increase their structural stability and improve their interface properties.The use of different carbon materials,such as amorphous carbon and graphite,as three-dimensional(3D)protective anode coatings that help buffer mechanical strain and isolate the electrolyte is detailed,and novel methods for applying the coatings are outlined.However,carbon materials used as a protective layer still have some disadvantages,necessitating their modification.Recent developments have focused on modifying the protective carbon shells,and substitutes for the carbon have been suggested.

X-ray Spectroscopically Probing Mo_(2)C@MoSe_(2)Heterojunction Electrodes

Due to their high electrical conductivity and layered structure,two dimensional MXene materials are re⁃garded as promising candidates for energy storage applications.However,the relatively low stability and specific ca⁃pacity of MXene materials limit their further utilization.In this study,these issues are addressed using a heterostruc⁃ture strategy via a one-step selenization method to form Mo_(2)C@MoSe_(2).Synchrotron radiation X-ray spectroscopic and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)characterizations revealed the heterostructure consisting of in-situ grown MoSe_(2)on Mo_(2)C MXene.Electrochemical tests proved the heterojunction electrode’s superior rate perfor⁃mance of 289.06 mAh·g^(-1)at a high current density of 5 A·g^(-1)and long cycling stability of 550 mAh·g^(-1)after 900 cycles at 1 A·g^(-1).This work highlights the useful X-ray spectroscopic analysis to directly elucidate the heterojunction structure,providing an effective reference method for probing heterostructures.

Aging Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Battery Under Fast Charging Based on Electrochemical-thermalmechanical Coupling Model

The aging characteristics of lithium-ion battery(LIB)under fast charging is investigated based on an electrochemical-thermal-mechanical(ETM)coupling model.Firstly,the ETM coupling model is established by COMSOL Multiphysics.Subsequently,a long cycle test was conducted to explore the aging characteristics of LIB.Specifically,the effects of charging(C)rate and cycle number on battery aging are analyzed in terms of nonuniform distribution of solid electrolyte interface(SEI),SEI formation,thermal stability and stress characteristics.The results indicate that the increases in C rate and cycling led to an increase in the degree of nonuniform distribution of SEI,and thus a consequent increase in the capacity loss due to the SEI formation.Meanwhile,the increases in C rate and cycle number also led to an increase in the heat generation and a decrease in the heat dissipation rate of the battery,respectively,which result in a decrease in the thermal stability of the electrode materials.In addition,the von Mises stress of the positive electrode material is higher than that of the negative electrode material as the cycling proceeds,with the positive electrode material exhibiting tensile deformation and the negative electrode material exhibiting compressive deformation.The available lithium ion concentration of the positive electrode is lower than that of the negative electrode,proving that the tensile-type fracture occurring in the positive material under long cycling dominated the capacity loss process.The aforementioned studies are helpful for researchers to further explore the aging behavior of LIB under fast charging and take corresponding preventive measures.

Sorbitol-Electrolyte-Additive Based Reversible Zinc Electrochemistry

The unstable zinc(Zn)/electrolyte interfaces formed by undesired dendrites and parasitic side reactions greatly hinder the development of aqueous zinc ion batteries.Herein,the hydroxy-rich sorbitol was used as an additive to reshape the solvation structure and modulate the interface chemistry.The strong interactions among sorbitol and both water molecules and Zn electrode can reduce the free water activity,optimize the solvation shell of water and Zn^(2+)ions,and regulate the formation of local water(H_(2)O)-poor environment on the surface of Zn electrode,which effectively inhibit the decomposition of water molecules,and thus,achieve the thermodynamically stable and highly reversible Zn electrochemistry.As a result,the assembled Zn/Zn symmetric cells with the sorbitol additive realized an excellent cycling life of 2000 h at 1 mA·cm^(-2)and 1 mAh·cm^(-2),and over 250 h at 5 mA.cm^(-2)and 5 mAh.cm^(-2).Moreover,the Zn/Cu asymmetric cells with the sorbitol additive achieved a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.6%,obtaining a better performance than that with a pure 2 mol-L^(-1)ZnSO_(4)electrolyte.And the constructed Zn/poly1,5-naphthalenediamine(PNDA)batteries could be stably discharged for 2300 cycles at 1 A g^(-1)with an excellent capacity retention rate.This result indicates that the addition of 1 mol-L^(-1)non-toxic sorbitol into a conventional ZnSO_(4)electrolyte can successfully protect the Zn anode interface by improving the electrochemical properties of Zn reversible deposition/decomposition,which greatly promotes its cycle performance,providing a new approach in future development of high performance aqueous Zn ion batteries.

Synthesis of High Purity Lithium Sulfide for Sulfide Solid Electrolyte Applications through Hydrogen Reduction of Lithium Sulfate

This paper is aimed to present a clean,inexpensive and sustainable method to synthesize high purity lithium sulfide(Li_(2)S)powder through hydrogen reduction of lithium sulfate(Li_(2)SO_(4)).A three-step reduction process has been successfully developed to synthesize well-crystallized and single-phase Li_(2)S powder by investigating the melting,sintering and reduction behavior of the mixtures of Li_(2)SO_(4)-Li_(2)S.High purity alumina was found to be the most suitable crucible material for producing high purity Li_(2)S,because it was not attacked by the Li_(2)SO_(4)-Li_(2)S melt during heating,as compared with other materials,such as carbon,mullite,quartz,boron nitride and stainless steel.The use of synthesized LizS resulted in higher purity and substantially higher room temperature ionic conductivity(2.77 mS·cm^(-1))for the argyrodite sulfide electrolyte Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl than commercial Li_(2)S(1.12 mS·cm^(-1)).This novel method offers a great opportunity to produce battery grade Li_(2)S for sulfide solid electrolyte applications.

State of health prediction for lithium-ion batteries based on ensemble Gaussian process regression

The performance of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)gradually declines over time,making it critical to predict the battery’s state of health(SOH)in real-time.This paper presents a model that incorporates health indicators and ensemble Gaussian process regression(EGPR)to predict the SOH of LIBs.Firstly,the degradation process of an LIB is analyzed through indirect health indicators(HIs)derived from voltage and temperature during discharge.Next,the parameters in the EGPR model are optimized using the gannet optimization algorithm(GOA),and the EGPR is employed to estimate the SOH of LIBs.Finally,the proposed model is tested under various experimental scenarios and compared with other machine learning models.The effectiveness of EGPR model is demonstrated using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)LIB.The root mean square error(RMSE)is maintained within 0.20%,and the mean absolute error(MAE)is below 0.16%,illustrating the proposed approach’s excellent predictive accuracy and wide applicability.

Data-Driven Viewpoint for Developing Next-Generation Mg-Ion Solid-State Electrolytes

Magnesium(Mg)is a promising alternative to lithium(Li)as an anode material in solid-state batteries due to its abundance and high theoretical volumetric capacity.However,the sluggish Mg-ion conduction in the lattice of solidstate electrolytes(SSEs)is one of the key challenges that hamper the development of Mg-ion solid-state batteries.Though various Mg-ion SSEs have been reported in recent years,key insights are hard to be derived from a single literature report.Besides,the structure-performance relationships of Mg-ion SSEs need to be further unraveled to provide a more precise design guideline for SSEs.In this viewpoint article,we analyze the structural characteristics of the Mg-based SSEs with high ionic conductivity reported in the last four decades based upon data mining-we provide big-data-derived insights into the challenges and opportunities in developing next-generation Mg-ion SSEs.

Improvement of ionic conductivity of solid polymer electrolyte based on Cu-Al bimetallic metal-organic framework fabricated through molecular grafting

A composite solid electrolyte comprising a Cu-Al bimetallic metal-organic framework(CAB),lithium salt(LiTFSI)and polyethylene oxide(PEO)was fabricated through molecular grafting to enhance the ionic conductivity of the PEO-based electrolytes.Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation results indicated that the electrolyte with 10 wt.%CAB(PL-CAB-10%)exhibits high ionic conductivity(8.42×10~(-4)S/cm at 60℃),high Li+transference number(0.46),wide electrochemical window(4.91 V),good thermal stability,and outstanding mechanical properties.Furthermore,PL-CAB-10%exhibits excellent cycle stability in both Li-Li symmetric battery and Li/PL-CAB-10%/LiFePO4 asymmetric battery setups.These enhanced performances are primarily attributable to the introduction of the versatile CAB.The abundant metal sites in CAB can react with TFSI~-and PEO through Lewis acid-base interactions,promoting LiTFSI dissociation and improving ionic conductivity.Additionally,regular pores in CAB provide uniformly distributed sites for cation plating during cycling.

大面积薄膜硅太阳电池组件效率优化的研究

产业化的薄膜硅太阳电池组件采用激光划刻技术实现子电池的串联集成。基于单个PN结的二级管模型,建立薄膜硅太阳能组件的等效电路模型。薄膜硅太阳能组件的前后电极电阻、激光划刻子电池有效发电宽度、激光划刻死区宽度、激光划刻后Shunt效应等因素会对电池性能产生影响。在实验室小面积薄膜硅太阳能电学参数基础上,对薄膜硅太阳能组件效率进行优化,通过薄膜硅太阳能组件转换效率和子电池激光划刻宽度的关联性量化,确定适宜的激光划刻子电池宽度。