AIM: To determine risk factors for pulmonary embolism and estimate effects and benefits of prophylaxis. METHODS: We included 78 patients who died subsequently to a pulmonary embolism after major abdominal surgery fr...AIM: To determine risk factors for pulmonary embolism and estimate effects and benefits of prophylaxis. METHODS: We included 78 patients who died subsequently to a pulmonary embolism after major abdominal surgery from 1985 to 2003. A first, retrospective analysis involved 41 patients who underwent elective surgery between 1985 and 1990 without receiving any prophylaxis. In the prospectively evaluated subgroup, 37 patients undergoing major surgery between 1991 and 2003 were enrolled: all of them had received a prophylaxis consisting in lowmolecular weight heparin, given subcutaneously at a dose of 2850 IU AXa/0.3 mL (body weight 〈 50 kg) or 5700 IU AXa/0.6 mL (body weight ≥ 50 kg). RESULTS: A higher incidence of thromboembolism (43.9% and 46.34% in the two groups, respectively) was found in older patients (〉 60 years). The incidence of pulmonary embolism after major abdominal surgery in patients who had received the prophylaxis was significantly lower compared to the subjects with the same condition who had not received any prophylaxis (P 〈 0.001, OR = 2.825; 95% CI, 1.811-4.408). Furthermore, the incidence of pulmonary embolism after colorectal cancer surgery was significantly higher compared to incidence of pulmonary embolism after other abdominal surgical procedures. Finally, the incidence of pulmonary embolism after colorectal cancer surgery among the patients who had received the prophylaxis (11/4316, 0.26%) was significantly lower compared to subjects undergoing a surgical procedure for the same indication but without prophylaxis (10/1562, 0.64%) (P 〈 0.05, OR = 2.522; 95% Ct, 1.069-5.949). CONCLUSION: Prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin is highly recommended during the preoperative period in patients with diagnosis of colorectal cancer due to high risk of pulmonary embolism after elective surgery.展开更多
Effects of two doses of the anti-diabetic drug, metformin (MF), on hormonal and metabolic levels of serum of non-diabetic male Wistar rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon tumor adenocarcinomas were ...Effects of two doses of the anti-diabetic drug, metformin (MF), on hormonal and metabolic levels of serum of non-diabetic male Wistar rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon tumor adenocarcinomas were studied. Carcinogenesis in the animals was also observed. Rats with DMH-induced colon adenocarcinomas had elevated levels of serum glucose, insulin, insulin- like growth factor-l, total cholesterol, triglycerides, catalase, malonic dialdehyde, glycated hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase and decreased hemoglobin. Treatment with two doses of MF normalized maiority of these changes in DMH-treated rats, whereas the drug was ineffective in rats without DMH treatment. The only exception was the decreased triglyceride levels in MF-treated rats. A 100 mg/kg dose of MF increased DMH-induced exophytic colon carcinomas and decreased endophytic tumors compared with untreated rats. Moreover, both MF doses increased DMH-induced and highly differentiated tumors and decreased the invasiveness of colon carcinomas compared with rats provided with DMH and water. Therefore, effects of MF on metabolic homeostasis are critical for preventing colon cancer.展开更多
A non-cooperative game model based on brittleness entropy is formulated for preventing cascading failure of complex systems.Subsystems of a complex system are mapped to the players of the game.The influence of collaps...A non-cooperative game model based on brittleness entropy is formulated for preventing cascading failure of complex systems.Subsystems of a complex system are mapped to the players of the game.The influence of collapsed subsystems to other subsystems is also taken into account in the definition of payoff function except for their own entropy increase.This influence is named brittleness entropy.Each player has two optional strategies;rational for negative entropy and irrational for negative entropy.The model is designed to identify the players who select an irrational strategy for negative entropy.The players who select the irrational strategy for negative entropy continue to compete for negative entropy after the recovery of ordered state and make other subsystems can' t get enough negative entropy to reduce entropy increase.It leads to cascading failure of the complex system in the end.Genetic algorithm is used to seek the solution of game model,and the simulation result verifies the effectiveness of the proposed model.The model provides a new way to prevent cascading failure of complex systems.展开更多
Objective:To observe the possibility of neoplasm needle track implantation after radioactive seeds implantation and seek preventive measures to avoid it.Methods:Superficial tissue of 250 seeding needle cores and 250 s...Objective:To observe the possibility of neoplasm needle track implantation after radioactive seeds implantation and seek preventive measures to avoid it.Methods:Superficial tissue of 250 seeding needle cores and 250 stylophores employed in neoplasm radioactive seeds implantation was smeared on slides to search for tumor cells.All patients received chemotherapy or endocrine therapy after operations.Ultrasound B-mode or computer tomography(CT)was performed at 10th day,30th day,60th day,and 180th day post operation to detect neoplasm implantation metastasis through needle tracks. Results:Positive cells were found on 13 of 250(5.20%)cores,and 7 of 250(2.80%)stylophores.The difference was not sta- tistically significant(P>0.05).The positive cells frequency of needles those traversed distance less than 3 cm in normal tissue was 6.19%(13/210),while the frequency of the others those traversed longer distance in normal tissue was 2.41%(7/290). The positive cells frequency of needles traversing different distances in normal tissues is significantly different(P<0.05).No neoplasm was detected through needle tracks by ultrasound B-mode or CT in 180 days after operation.Conclusion:Tumor cells could ablate into the needle track during radioactive seed implantation.Some preventive measures,such as optimization of pre-operation and intra-operation treatment plan,chemotherapy or endocrine therapy after operation,may be beneficial to avoid the implantation metastasis of neoplasm in seeding needle tracks.展开更多
Objective: The purpose of the study was to survey current G-CSF use in cancer patients, investigate whether the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF) is standardized. Methods: From July 2012 to October 2...Objective: The purpose of the study was to survey current G-CSF use in cancer patients, investigate whether the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF) is standardized. Methods: From July 2012 to October 2012, patients in a third-grade class-A hospital were investigated by self-designed questionnaires, according to ASCO's recommendations for white blood cell growth factors in 2006 and NCCN myeloid growth factors guideline in 2012. Results: Two hundred and twenty-two patients treated with 724 courses of chemotherapy were included. In prophylactic use, 259(35.8%) cases used G-CSF that the guideline doesn't recommend, which belonged to excessive use, the dose were 274 700 μg, accounting for 59.7% of the totle prophylactic use; 105(14.5%) didn't use while the guideline recommend, belonging to lack of use. 89.0% of the prophylactic use were 24–72 h after chemotherapy, only a few(5.4%) on the day of chemotherapy. In therapeutic use, only 3.1% were standardized, with the dose of 23 000 μg, accounting for 7.4% of the total. So 92.6% were excessive. 14.2% of the therapeutic use were 24–72 h after chemotherapy, 21.2% on the day of chemotherapy. Conclusion: More than 50% use of G-CSF weren't standardized, especially the excessive use.展开更多
Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are at increased risk for developing colorectal cancer (CRC), and this is believed to be a result of chronic inflammation. Although conclusive evidenc...Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are at increased risk for developing colorectal cancer (CRC), and this is believed to be a result of chronic inflammation. Although conclusive evidence is still missing, both epidemiological and experimental observations suggest that certain drugs used to treat inflammation, such as mesalazine, can reduce the incidence of colitis-associated CRC. Therefore, in recent years, several studies have been conducted to dissect the mechanisms by which mesalazine interferes with CRC cell growth and survival. This review summarizes the current information on the molecular mechanisms that underlie the antineoplastic action of mesalazine.展开更多
Molecular analyses have become an integral part of biomedical research as well as clinical medicine. The definition of the genetic basis of many human diseases has led to a better understanding of their pathogenesis a...Molecular analyses have become an integral part of biomedical research as well as clinical medicine. The definition of the genetic basis of many human diseases has led to a better understanding of their pathogenesis and has in addition offered new perspectives for their diagnosis, therapy and prevention. Genetically, human diseases can be classified as hereditary monogenic, acquired monogenic and polygenic diseases. Based on this classification, gene therapy is based on six concepts: (1) gene repair, (2) gene substitution, (3) cell therapy, (4) block of gene expression or function, (5) DNA vaccination and (6) gene augmentation. While major advances have been made in all areas of gene therapy during the last years, various delivery, targeting and safety issues need to be addressed before these strategies will enter clinical practice. Nevertheless, gene therapy will eventually become part of the management of patients with various liver diseases, complementing or replacing existing therapeutic and preventive strategies.展开更多
AIM:To establish a rat ethanol gastritis model,we evaluated the effects of ethanol on gastric mucosa and studied the preventive effects of geranylgeranylacetone on ethanol-induced chronic gastritis.METHODS:One hundred...AIM:To establish a rat ethanol gastritis model,we evaluated the effects of ethanol on gastric mucosa and studied the preventive effects of geranylgeranylacetone on ethanol-induced chronic gastritis.METHODS:One hundred male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups:normal control group,undergoing gastric perfusion of normal saline(NS) by gastrogavage;model control group and 2 model therapy groups that underwent gastric perfusion with ethanol(distillate spirits with 56% ethanol content) by gastrogavage for 4 wk.Low or high doses of geranylgeranylacetone were added 1 h before ethanol perfusion in the 2 model therapy groups,while the same amount of NS,instead of geranylgeranylacetone was used in that model control group.The rats were then sacrificed and stomachs were removed.The injury level of the gastric mucosa was observed by light and electron microscopy,and the levels of prostaglandin 2(PGE 2),endothelin-1(ET-1) and nitric oxide(NO) were measured by radioimmunoassay and the Griess method.RESULTS:The gastric mucosal epidermal damage score(EDS;4.5) and ulcer index(UI;12.0) of the model control group were significantly higher than that of the normal control group(0 and 0 respectively,all P = 0.000).The gastric mucosal EDS and UI of the 2 model therapy groups(EDS:2.5 and 2.0;UI:3.5 and 3.0) were significantly lower than that of the model control group(all P < 0.01).There was no statistically significant difference between the low-dose and high-dose model therapy groups.The expression value of plasma ET-1 of the model control group was higher than that of the normal control group(P < 0.01) and the 2 model therapy groups(all P < 0.01).The expression values of gastric mucosal PGE 2 and serum NO of the model control group were lower than those of the normal control group(all P < 0.05) and the 2 model therapy groups(all P < 0.05).The thickness of the gastric mucous layerand the hexosamine content in the model control group were significantly lower than that in the normal control group(all P < 0.01) and the 2 model therapy groups(all P < 0.05).Scanning and transmission electron microscopy observation showed that in the model control group,the epithelial junctions were vague,the intercellular joints disappeared and damage of the intracellular organelles were significantly worse than those in the normal control group.However,in the 2 model therapy groups,damage to the intercellular joints and organelles was ameliorate relative to the model control group.CONCLUSION:Administration of geranylgeranylacetone was correlated with a more favorable pattern of gastric mucosa damage after ethanol perfusion.The mechanism could be related to regulation of ET-1,NO and PGE 2.展开更多
Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and safety of brucea javanica oil,mitomycin and BCG for preventing postoperative relapse of superficial bladder cancer through perfusion.Methods:From July 20...Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and safety of brucea javanica oil,mitomycin and BCG for preventing postoperative relapse of superficial bladder cancer through perfusion.Methods:From July 2000 to May 2006,178 patients with primary superficial bladder cancer(Ta-1,G1-2) were divided into three groups after operation in random:57 patients in group A received perfusion of 60 mL 10% brucea javanica oil,and 66 patients in group B received perfusion of 20 mg mitomycin while 55 patients in group C received perfusion of 120 mg BCG.Eighteen perfusions per patient were carried out regularly a week after operation.Patients were followed up for clinical,analytical and cystoscopic evaluations every 3 months for 2 years.The tumor relapse rates and side effects after treatment were evaluated.Results:The relapse rate was 14.04%(8/57),34.85%(23/66) and 18.18%(10/55) in group A,B and C respectively.The relapse rate in group A was obviously lower than that in group B(χ2 = 6.17,P < 0.05).Disease free interval in group A was significantly different from that in group B(F = 7.03,P < 0.05).Side effect in group A(12.28%) was observably lower than that in group B(43.94%) and group C(83.64%)(χ2AB = 15.72,P < 0.01;χ2AC = 55.34,P < 0.01).Conclusion:Perfusion of 10% brucea javanica oil after operation is safer and more effective in preventing superficial bladder tumour relapse and worth for popularizing.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prognostic value of measuring Ki67 and VEGF expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). METHODS The expression of Ki67 and VEGF in 32 LSCC tissues was studied by immunohistoche...OBJECTIVE To investigate the prognostic value of measuring Ki67 and VEGF expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). METHODS The expression of Ki67 and VEGF in 32 LSCC tissues was studied by immunohistochemical staining. Of these cases, 5 recurred (recurrent group), 3 cases metastasized (metastatic group), 8 cases died (deceased group) and 24 cased survived (survival group) over a 3 year period of follow-up after their operation. RESULTS The expression of Ki67 and VEGF in the deceased group was higher compared to that in the survival group (P<0.01). Overexpression of Ki67 was found in the recurrent group and in the metastatic group (P< 0.05). VEGF expression was higher in the recurrent group than in the non recurrent group (P<0.05). With Cox-regression of multivariate analysis, Ki67 (RR:3.236; P=0.001), the clinical T stage (RR: 1.382; P=0.029) and metastasis in lymph nodes (RR:0.316; P=0.033) were shown to be independent prognostic factors for survival of LSCC patients. CONCLUSION Ki67 and VEGF expression is related to the prognosis of LSCC. Overexpression of the 2 markers indicated poor prognosis of the disease, a finding which might be helpful for the treatment of laryngocar-cinoma.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the prognostic significance of PECAM-1, ICAM-3 and HLA-DR antigens in patients with primary non-Hodgkin's gastric lymphoma. METHODS: We immunohistochemically studied PECAM-1, ICAM-3 and HLA-DR a...AIM: To investigate the prognostic significance of PECAM-1, ICAM-3 and HLA-DR antigens in patients with primary non-Hodgkin's gastric lymphoma. METHODS: We immunohistochemically studied PECAM-1, ICAM-3 and HLA-DR antigen expression in 36 B-cell MALT-type primary gastric lymphoma patients. Ten non-malignant and ten healthy gastric tissue specimens were used as controls. Clinicopathological and survival data were correlated with the staining results. RESULTS: HLA-DR antigen expression was detected in 33 gastric lymphoma patients (91.7%) and 6 nonmalignant patients (54.5%). PECAM-1 stained tumor cells of 10 patients (27.8%), endothelial cells of 9 patients (25%) and inflammatory infiltrate of 4 patients (40%) with benign gastric disease. ICAM-3 expression was observed on the tumor cells of 17 patients (47.2%), while 5 non-malignant patients (50%) were stained positive as well. None of the healthy controls was stained for any of the genes studied. In the multivariate analysis, HLA-DR antigen and PECAM-1 were proved to be statistically significant independent prognostic factors associated with a favourable and an unfavourable prognosis respectively (P= 0.009 and P= 0.003). In the univariate analysis, PECAM-1(+)/ICAM-3(-) and HLA-DR(-)/ICAM-3(-) patients exhibited a significantly decreased overall survival compared to those with the exactly opposite gene expression patterns (P=0.0041 and P= 0.0091, respectively). Those patients who were HLA-DR(+ )/ICAM-3(+ )/PECAM-I(-) (n = 8) had a significantly higher survival rate compared to the rest of the group (n = 24) (P= 0.0289). CONCLUSION: PECAM-1, ICAM-3 and HLA-DR are representative markers of tumor expansion potential and host immune surveillance respectively. Their combined use may help us to identify high-risk patients who could benefit from more aggressive therapeutic protocols.展开更多
A case-control study involving 203 cases of pelvic endometriosis seen from 1987- 1989 , and 406 randomly selected and age-matched community controls was conducted in order to provide information relevant to effective ...A case-control study involving 203 cases of pelvic endometriosis seen from 1987- 1989 , and 406 randomly selected and age-matched community controls was conducted in order to provide information relevant to effective prophylxais of the disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathology from laparotomy and/or laparoscopy. A questionnaire focused on menstrual, marital and reproductive status , professional exposure and physical activities ,and the results were analyzed by a conditional logistic regression model. Women characterized by earlier menarche(≤ 12 years) and longer period(≥8 days) were found to be associated with an elevated incurring risk, and a trend of increasing risk associated with primary dysmenorrhea (RR =2. 1 for mild to moderate and RR= 5. 2 for severe dysmenorrhea), energetic physical activity during menstruation (RR =2. 1) , and allergic diathesis(RR=1 . 8) was seen. An inverse relationship was observed between the number of pregnancies and risk of endometriosis,and the protective effect was most significant when only the number of full-term pregnancies was counted.The risk factors of endometriosis are discussed, and intensive treatment of primary dysmenorrhea and avoidance of strenuous exercise during menstruation are identified as important measures in the prevention of endometriosis.展开更多
Biodiesel is an excellent option for reducing dependence on fossil fuels with environmental advantages by reducing hazardous emissions. The enzymatic transesterification has attracted the attention of researchers in t...Biodiesel is an excellent option for reducing dependence on fossil fuels with environmental advantages by reducing hazardous emissions. The enzymatic transesterification has attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade and the advantages of enzymatic catalysis show that the production of biodiesel by this route has good potential, mainly because it is friendly environment. For biodiesel, production process by enzyme catalysis is chosen the response surface methodology. It is an experimental strategy to find the best operating conditions oftransesterification reaction to improve the biodiesel quality. The Process has three variables: temperature, molar ratio oil-alcohol and catalyst quantity. The process was monitored by GC-FID (gas chromatography with flame ionization detector). The yield of the transesterification reaction by enzymatic catalysis decreases with increasing temperature, and may be due to inactivation of the enzyme by denaturation at temperatures above 50 ℃. The second-order design used was the "CDC (central design composition)" which produced a maximum yield of 95.5% in the transesterification reaction by enzymatic catalysis obtained at a temperature of 45 ℃, molar ratio methanol:oil of 8:1 and a catalyst loading of 8% wt.展开更多
Liquid phase synthesis of one of the important fuel oxygenate, ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), from etha-nol and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) has been studied in catalytic distillation column (CDC) using ion exchange...Liquid phase synthesis of one of the important fuel oxygenate, ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), from etha-nol and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) has been studied in catalytic distillation column (CDC) using ion exchange resin catalyst CT-145H. A packed CDC of 1.2 m height and 50 mm diameter with indigenously developed reactive sec-tion packing was used to generate experimental data. Effect of different key variables on product purity in distillate, was investigated to find the optimum operating conditions for ETBE synthesis. The optimum conditions for 0.2 kg·s-1 of ethanol feed were found:reboiler duty of 375 W, molar feed ratio of 1︰1.3 of reactants, and reflux ratio of 7. Concentration profiles for each component along each column section at optimum conditions were also drawn. Neither output nor input multiplicity was observed at experimental conditions.展开更多
The recursion relation of preventive maintenance (PM) cycle is built up concerning the concept of effective age and age setback factor proposed in this paper, which illustrates the dynamic relationship between failure...The recursion relation of preventive maintenance (PM) cycle is built up concerning the concept of effective age and age setback factor proposed in this paper, which illustrates the dynamic relationship between failure rate and preventive maintenance activity. And the nonlinear optimal PM policy model satisfying the reliability constraints in finite time horizon following Weibull distribution is proposed. The model built in this paper avoids the shortcoming of steady analytical PM model in infinite time horizon and can be used to aid scheduling the maintenance plan and providing decision supporting for job shop scheduling.展开更多
Objective To investigate the relationship between the radiation dose and the HPRT gene lo-cus mutation in rat smooth muscle cells, and provide the molecular basis for prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transl...Objective To investigate the relationship between the radiation dose and the HPRT gene lo-cus mutation in rat smooth muscle cells, and provide the molecular basis for prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTC4). Methods The smooth muscle cells cultured in vitro were irradiated by radionuclide 188Re in different doses. HPRT gene mutation colonies were selected and isolatedby 6-thioguanine. Analysis of mutation in exon 7/8 of HPRT gene were accomplished by polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism. Results The HPRT gene mutation frequency of rat smooth muscle cells that were irradiated by radionuclide 188Re ranged from 5.5× 10-6 to 13 ×10-6. Of 91 HPRT gene mutation colonies, 13 (14.3%) contained exon 7/8 deletion and 15(16.5%) had point mutation.The exon 7/8 mutation frequency was 30.8% . There were significant relationships between radiation dose and mutation frequency of HPRT gene and exon 7/8 . Conclusion The DNA damage and gene mutation inducedby radiation has positive relationship with radiation dose, and is a basis of proliferation inhibition and apopto-sis of smooth muscle cells.展开更多
As the fifth most common cancer and the third most comxnon cause of cancer deaths worldwide, gastric cancer remains a significant public health concern and an economic burden in developed and developing countries. Gas...As the fifth most common cancer and the third most comxnon cause of cancer deaths worldwide, gastric cancer remains a significant public health concern and an economic burden in developed and developing countries. Gastric inflammation induced by Helicobacter pylori may initiate superficial gastritis, which then progresses to atrophic gastritis, gastric epithelial dysplasia, and finally gastric cancer. The pathogenesis of AT. pylori infection is related to its virulence factors, including urease, flagella, vacuolating cytotoxin A and cytotoxin-associated gene antigen. The relevant mechanisms of H. pylori-induced inflammation include activation of nuclear factor-r,B, mitogen-acfivated protein kinase pathway, and oxidative stress. To date, therapeutic strategies and results in this infection remain undesirable. Complicated treatment issues include antibiotic resistance, adverse effects of chemical drugs, and recurrence after operation. Therefore, chemoprevention has been regarded as an important measure, and Chinese medicinal herbs have been the research hotspot. This review aimed to summarize the effects of Chinese medicinal herbs on the prevention of gastric cancer, mechanism of action and the treatment prospects, with emphasis H. pylori-induced effects.展开更多
文摘AIM: To determine risk factors for pulmonary embolism and estimate effects and benefits of prophylaxis. METHODS: We included 78 patients who died subsequently to a pulmonary embolism after major abdominal surgery from 1985 to 2003. A first, retrospective analysis involved 41 patients who underwent elective surgery between 1985 and 1990 without receiving any prophylaxis. In the prospectively evaluated subgroup, 37 patients undergoing major surgery between 1991 and 2003 were enrolled: all of them had received a prophylaxis consisting in lowmolecular weight heparin, given subcutaneously at a dose of 2850 IU AXa/0.3 mL (body weight 〈 50 kg) or 5700 IU AXa/0.6 mL (body weight ≥ 50 kg). RESULTS: A higher incidence of thromboembolism (43.9% and 46.34% in the two groups, respectively) was found in older patients (〉 60 years). The incidence of pulmonary embolism after major abdominal surgery in patients who had received the prophylaxis was significantly lower compared to the subjects with the same condition who had not received any prophylaxis (P 〈 0.001, OR = 2.825; 95% CI, 1.811-4.408). Furthermore, the incidence of pulmonary embolism after colorectal cancer surgery was significantly higher compared to incidence of pulmonary embolism after other abdominal surgical procedures. Finally, the incidence of pulmonary embolism after colorectal cancer surgery among the patients who had received the prophylaxis (11/4316, 0.26%) was significantly lower compared to subjects undergoing a surgical procedure for the same indication but without prophylaxis (10/1562, 0.64%) (P 〈 0.05, OR = 2.522; 95% Ct, 1.069-5.949). CONCLUSION: Prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin is highly recommended during the preoperative period in patients with diagnosis of colorectal cancer due to high risk of pulmonary embolism after elective surgery.
基金supported in part by a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research(Grant No.14-04-01653)
文摘Effects of two doses of the anti-diabetic drug, metformin (MF), on hormonal and metabolic levels of serum of non-diabetic male Wistar rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon tumor adenocarcinomas were studied. Carcinogenesis in the animals was also observed. Rats with DMH-induced colon adenocarcinomas had elevated levels of serum glucose, insulin, insulin- like growth factor-l, total cholesterol, triglycerides, catalase, malonic dialdehyde, glycated hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase and decreased hemoglobin. Treatment with two doses of MF normalized maiority of these changes in DMH-treated rats, whereas the drug was ineffective in rats without DMH treatment. The only exception was the decreased triglyceride levels in MF-treated rats. A 100 mg/kg dose of MF increased DMH-induced exophytic colon carcinomas and decreased endophytic tumors compared with untreated rats. Moreover, both MF doses increased DMH-induced and highly differentiated tumors and decreased the invasiveness of colon carcinomas compared with rats provided with DMH and water. Therefore, effects of MF on metabolic homeostasis are critical for preventing colon cancer.
基金Basic Research Foundation from State Administration of Science,Technology and Industry for National Defence,PRC(No.Z192011B001)Science Foundation for Youths of Heilongjiang Province(No.QC2009C87)
文摘A non-cooperative game model based on brittleness entropy is formulated for preventing cascading failure of complex systems.Subsystems of a complex system are mapped to the players of the game.The influence of collapsed subsystems to other subsystems is also taken into account in the definition of payoff function except for their own entropy increase.This influence is named brittleness entropy.Each player has two optional strategies;rational for negative entropy and irrational for negative entropy.The model is designed to identify the players who select an irrational strategy for negative entropy.The players who select the irrational strategy for negative entropy continue to compete for negative entropy after the recovery of ordered state and make other subsystems can' t get enough negative entropy to reduce entropy increase.It leads to cascading failure of the complex system in the end.Genetic algorithm is used to seek the solution of game model,and the simulation result verifies the effectiveness of the proposed model.The model provides a new way to prevent cascading failure of complex systems.
文摘Objective:To observe the possibility of neoplasm needle track implantation after radioactive seeds implantation and seek preventive measures to avoid it.Methods:Superficial tissue of 250 seeding needle cores and 250 stylophores employed in neoplasm radioactive seeds implantation was smeared on slides to search for tumor cells.All patients received chemotherapy or endocrine therapy after operations.Ultrasound B-mode or computer tomography(CT)was performed at 10th day,30th day,60th day,and 180th day post operation to detect neoplasm implantation metastasis through needle tracks. Results:Positive cells were found on 13 of 250(5.20%)cores,and 7 of 250(2.80%)stylophores.The difference was not sta- tistically significant(P>0.05).The positive cells frequency of needles those traversed distance less than 3 cm in normal tissue was 6.19%(13/210),while the frequency of the others those traversed longer distance in normal tissue was 2.41%(7/290). The positive cells frequency of needles traversing different distances in normal tissues is significantly different(P<0.05).No neoplasm was detected through needle tracks by ultrasound B-mode or CT in 180 days after operation.Conclusion:Tumor cells could ablate into the needle track during radioactive seed implantation.Some preventive measures,such as optimization of pre-operation and intra-operation treatment plan,chemotherapy or endocrine therapy after operation,may be beneficial to avoid the implantation metastasis of neoplasm in seeding needle tracks.
文摘Objective: The purpose of the study was to survey current G-CSF use in cancer patients, investigate whether the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF) is standardized. Methods: From July 2012 to October 2012, patients in a third-grade class-A hospital were investigated by self-designed questionnaires, according to ASCO's recommendations for white blood cell growth factors in 2006 and NCCN myeloid growth factors guideline in 2012. Results: Two hundred and twenty-two patients treated with 724 courses of chemotherapy were included. In prophylactic use, 259(35.8%) cases used G-CSF that the guideline doesn't recommend, which belonged to excessive use, the dose were 274 700 μg, accounting for 59.7% of the totle prophylactic use; 105(14.5%) didn't use while the guideline recommend, belonging to lack of use. 89.0% of the prophylactic use were 24–72 h after chemotherapy, only a few(5.4%) on the day of chemotherapy. In therapeutic use, only 3.1% were standardized, with the dose of 23 000 μg, accounting for 7.4% of the total. So 92.6% were excessive. 14.2% of the therapeutic use were 24–72 h after chemotherapy, 21.2% on the day of chemotherapy. Conclusion: More than 50% use of G-CSF weren't standardized, especially the excessive use.
文摘Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are at increased risk for developing colorectal cancer (CRC), and this is believed to be a result of chronic inflammation. Although conclusive evidence is still missing, both epidemiological and experimental observations suggest that certain drugs used to treat inflammation, such as mesalazine, can reduce the incidence of colitis-associated CRC. Therefore, in recent years, several studies have been conducted to dissect the mechanisms by which mesalazine interferes with CRC cell growth and survival. This review summarizes the current information on the molecular mechanisms that underlie the antineoplastic action of mesalazine.
文摘Molecular analyses have become an integral part of biomedical research as well as clinical medicine. The definition of the genetic basis of many human diseases has led to a better understanding of their pathogenesis and has in addition offered new perspectives for their diagnosis, therapy and prevention. Genetically, human diseases can be classified as hereditary monogenic, acquired monogenic and polygenic diseases. Based on this classification, gene therapy is based on six concepts: (1) gene repair, (2) gene substitution, (3) cell therapy, (4) block of gene expression or function, (5) DNA vaccination and (6) gene augmentation. While major advances have been made in all areas of gene therapy during the last years, various delivery, targeting and safety issues need to be addressed before these strategies will enter clinical practice. Nevertheless, gene therapy will eventually become part of the management of patients with various liver diseases, complementing or replacing existing therapeutic and preventive strategies.
文摘AIM:To establish a rat ethanol gastritis model,we evaluated the effects of ethanol on gastric mucosa and studied the preventive effects of geranylgeranylacetone on ethanol-induced chronic gastritis.METHODS:One hundred male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups:normal control group,undergoing gastric perfusion of normal saline(NS) by gastrogavage;model control group and 2 model therapy groups that underwent gastric perfusion with ethanol(distillate spirits with 56% ethanol content) by gastrogavage for 4 wk.Low or high doses of geranylgeranylacetone were added 1 h before ethanol perfusion in the 2 model therapy groups,while the same amount of NS,instead of geranylgeranylacetone was used in that model control group.The rats were then sacrificed and stomachs were removed.The injury level of the gastric mucosa was observed by light and electron microscopy,and the levels of prostaglandin 2(PGE 2),endothelin-1(ET-1) and nitric oxide(NO) were measured by radioimmunoassay and the Griess method.RESULTS:The gastric mucosal epidermal damage score(EDS;4.5) and ulcer index(UI;12.0) of the model control group were significantly higher than that of the normal control group(0 and 0 respectively,all P = 0.000).The gastric mucosal EDS and UI of the 2 model therapy groups(EDS:2.5 and 2.0;UI:3.5 and 3.0) were significantly lower than that of the model control group(all P < 0.01).There was no statistically significant difference between the low-dose and high-dose model therapy groups.The expression value of plasma ET-1 of the model control group was higher than that of the normal control group(P < 0.01) and the 2 model therapy groups(all P < 0.01).The expression values of gastric mucosal PGE 2 and serum NO of the model control group were lower than those of the normal control group(all P < 0.05) and the 2 model therapy groups(all P < 0.05).The thickness of the gastric mucous layerand the hexosamine content in the model control group were significantly lower than that in the normal control group(all P < 0.01) and the 2 model therapy groups(all P < 0.05).Scanning and transmission electron microscopy observation showed that in the model control group,the epithelial junctions were vague,the intercellular joints disappeared and damage of the intracellular organelles were significantly worse than those in the normal control group.However,in the 2 model therapy groups,damage to the intercellular joints and organelles was ameliorate relative to the model control group.CONCLUSION:Administration of geranylgeranylacetone was correlated with a more favorable pattern of gastric mucosa damage after ethanol perfusion.The mechanism could be related to regulation of ET-1,NO and PGE 2.
文摘Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and safety of brucea javanica oil,mitomycin and BCG for preventing postoperative relapse of superficial bladder cancer through perfusion.Methods:From July 2000 to May 2006,178 patients with primary superficial bladder cancer(Ta-1,G1-2) were divided into three groups after operation in random:57 patients in group A received perfusion of 60 mL 10% brucea javanica oil,and 66 patients in group B received perfusion of 20 mg mitomycin while 55 patients in group C received perfusion of 120 mg BCG.Eighteen perfusions per patient were carried out regularly a week after operation.Patients were followed up for clinical,analytical and cystoscopic evaluations every 3 months for 2 years.The tumor relapse rates and side effects after treatment were evaluated.Results:The relapse rate was 14.04%(8/57),34.85%(23/66) and 18.18%(10/55) in group A,B and C respectively.The relapse rate in group A was obviously lower than that in group B(χ2 = 6.17,P < 0.05).Disease free interval in group A was significantly different from that in group B(F = 7.03,P < 0.05).Side effect in group A(12.28%) was observably lower than that in group B(43.94%) and group C(83.64%)(χ2AB = 15.72,P < 0.01;χ2AC = 55.34,P < 0.01).Conclusion:Perfusion of 10% brucea javanica oil after operation is safer and more effective in preventing superficial bladder tumour relapse and worth for popularizing.
基金This work was supported by the National Brilliant Youth Science Foundation of China(No. 39925035) Ministry of Education Colleges and Universities Core Teachers Foundation of China (2000), College and University Doctoral Studies Special Purpose Scientific Research Foundation of China(2002).
文摘OBJECTIVE To investigate the prognostic value of measuring Ki67 and VEGF expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). METHODS The expression of Ki67 and VEGF in 32 LSCC tissues was studied by immunohistochemical staining. Of these cases, 5 recurred (recurrent group), 3 cases metastasized (metastatic group), 8 cases died (deceased group) and 24 cased survived (survival group) over a 3 year period of follow-up after their operation. RESULTS The expression of Ki67 and VEGF in the deceased group was higher compared to that in the survival group (P<0.01). Overexpression of Ki67 was found in the recurrent group and in the metastatic group (P< 0.05). VEGF expression was higher in the recurrent group than in the non recurrent group (P<0.05). With Cox-regression of multivariate analysis, Ki67 (RR:3.236; P=0.001), the clinical T stage (RR: 1.382; P=0.029) and metastasis in lymph nodes (RR:0.316; P=0.033) were shown to be independent prognostic factors for survival of LSCC patients. CONCLUSION Ki67 and VEGF expression is related to the prognosis of LSCC. Overexpression of the 2 markers indicated poor prognosis of the disease, a finding which might be helpful for the treatment of laryngocar-cinoma.
基金Supported by the Athens University and the Greek Ministry of Health and Welfare
文摘AIM: To investigate the prognostic significance of PECAM-1, ICAM-3 and HLA-DR antigens in patients with primary non-Hodgkin's gastric lymphoma. METHODS: We immunohistochemically studied PECAM-1, ICAM-3 and HLA-DR antigen expression in 36 B-cell MALT-type primary gastric lymphoma patients. Ten non-malignant and ten healthy gastric tissue specimens were used as controls. Clinicopathological and survival data were correlated with the staining results. RESULTS: HLA-DR antigen expression was detected in 33 gastric lymphoma patients (91.7%) and 6 nonmalignant patients (54.5%). PECAM-1 stained tumor cells of 10 patients (27.8%), endothelial cells of 9 patients (25%) and inflammatory infiltrate of 4 patients (40%) with benign gastric disease. ICAM-3 expression was observed on the tumor cells of 17 patients (47.2%), while 5 non-malignant patients (50%) were stained positive as well. None of the healthy controls was stained for any of the genes studied. In the multivariate analysis, HLA-DR antigen and PECAM-1 were proved to be statistically significant independent prognostic factors associated with a favourable and an unfavourable prognosis respectively (P= 0.009 and P= 0.003). In the univariate analysis, PECAM-1(+)/ICAM-3(-) and HLA-DR(-)/ICAM-3(-) patients exhibited a significantly decreased overall survival compared to those with the exactly opposite gene expression patterns (P=0.0041 and P= 0.0091, respectively). Those patients who were HLA-DR(+ )/ICAM-3(+ )/PECAM-I(-) (n = 8) had a significantly higher survival rate compared to the rest of the group (n = 24) (P= 0.0289). CONCLUSION: PECAM-1, ICAM-3 and HLA-DR are representative markers of tumor expansion potential and host immune surveillance respectively. Their combined use may help us to identify high-risk patients who could benefit from more aggressive therapeutic protocols.
文摘A case-control study involving 203 cases of pelvic endometriosis seen from 1987- 1989 , and 406 randomly selected and age-matched community controls was conducted in order to provide information relevant to effective prophylxais of the disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathology from laparotomy and/or laparoscopy. A questionnaire focused on menstrual, marital and reproductive status , professional exposure and physical activities ,and the results were analyzed by a conditional logistic regression model. Women characterized by earlier menarche(≤ 12 years) and longer period(≥8 days) were found to be associated with an elevated incurring risk, and a trend of increasing risk associated with primary dysmenorrhea (RR =2. 1 for mild to moderate and RR= 5. 2 for severe dysmenorrhea), energetic physical activity during menstruation (RR =2. 1) , and allergic diathesis(RR=1 . 8) was seen. An inverse relationship was observed between the number of pregnancies and risk of endometriosis,and the protective effect was most significant when only the number of full-term pregnancies was counted.The risk factors of endometriosis are discussed, and intensive treatment of primary dysmenorrhea and avoidance of strenuous exercise during menstruation are identified as important measures in the prevention of endometriosis.
文摘Biodiesel is an excellent option for reducing dependence on fossil fuels with environmental advantages by reducing hazardous emissions. The enzymatic transesterification has attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade and the advantages of enzymatic catalysis show that the production of biodiesel by this route has good potential, mainly because it is friendly environment. For biodiesel, production process by enzyme catalysis is chosen the response surface methodology. It is an experimental strategy to find the best operating conditions oftransesterification reaction to improve the biodiesel quality. The Process has three variables: temperature, molar ratio oil-alcohol and catalyst quantity. The process was monitored by GC-FID (gas chromatography with flame ionization detector). The yield of the transesterification reaction by enzymatic catalysis decreases with increasing temperature, and may be due to inactivation of the enzyme by denaturation at temperatures above 50 ℃. The second-order design used was the "CDC (central design composition)" which produced a maximum yield of 95.5% in the transesterification reaction by enzymatic catalysis obtained at a temperature of 45 ℃, molar ratio methanol:oil of 8:1 and a catalyst loading of 8% wt.
基金Part of this paper was included in the proceedings of World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science,San Francisco,USA,22-24 October,2008,pp.79-84(ISBN 978-988-98671-0-2)The first author is grateful to Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for funding this research under indigenous scheme
文摘Liquid phase synthesis of one of the important fuel oxygenate, ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), from etha-nol and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) has been studied in catalytic distillation column (CDC) using ion exchange resin catalyst CT-145H. A packed CDC of 1.2 m height and 50 mm diameter with indigenously developed reactive sec-tion packing was used to generate experimental data. Effect of different key variables on product purity in distillate, was investigated to find the optimum operating conditions for ETBE synthesis. The optimum conditions for 0.2 kg·s-1 of ethanol feed were found:reboiler duty of 375 W, molar feed ratio of 1︰1.3 of reactants, and reflux ratio of 7. Concentration profiles for each component along each column section at optimum conditions were also drawn. Neither output nor input multiplicity was observed at experimental conditions.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 59889505)
文摘The recursion relation of preventive maintenance (PM) cycle is built up concerning the concept of effective age and age setback factor proposed in this paper, which illustrates the dynamic relationship between failure rate and preventive maintenance activity. And the nonlinear optimal PM policy model satisfying the reliability constraints in finite time horizon following Weibull distribution is proposed. The model built in this paper avoids the shortcoming of steady analytical PM model in infinite time horizon and can be used to aid scheduling the maintenance plan and providing decision supporting for job shop scheduling.
基金Supported by grant from the National Scientific Fund of China(39970221)
文摘Objective To investigate the relationship between the radiation dose and the HPRT gene lo-cus mutation in rat smooth muscle cells, and provide the molecular basis for prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTC4). Methods The smooth muscle cells cultured in vitro were irradiated by radionuclide 188Re in different doses. HPRT gene mutation colonies were selected and isolatedby 6-thioguanine. Analysis of mutation in exon 7/8 of HPRT gene were accomplished by polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism. Results The HPRT gene mutation frequency of rat smooth muscle cells that were irradiated by radionuclide 188Re ranged from 5.5× 10-6 to 13 ×10-6. Of 91 HPRT gene mutation colonies, 13 (14.3%) contained exon 7/8 deletion and 15(16.5%) had point mutation.The exon 7/8 mutation frequency was 30.8% . There were significant relationships between radiation dose and mutation frequency of HPRT gene and exon 7/8 . Conclusion The DNA damage and gene mutation inducedby radiation has positive relationship with radiation dose, and is a basis of proliferation inhibition and apopto-sis of smooth muscle cells.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81120108025)the Science and Technology Department of Guangzhou City(Grant No.201509010004)
文摘As the fifth most common cancer and the third most comxnon cause of cancer deaths worldwide, gastric cancer remains a significant public health concern and an economic burden in developed and developing countries. Gastric inflammation induced by Helicobacter pylori may initiate superficial gastritis, which then progresses to atrophic gastritis, gastric epithelial dysplasia, and finally gastric cancer. The pathogenesis of AT. pylori infection is related to its virulence factors, including urease, flagella, vacuolating cytotoxin A and cytotoxin-associated gene antigen. The relevant mechanisms of H. pylori-induced inflammation include activation of nuclear factor-r,B, mitogen-acfivated protein kinase pathway, and oxidative stress. To date, therapeutic strategies and results in this infection remain undesirable. Complicated treatment issues include antibiotic resistance, adverse effects of chemical drugs, and recurrence after operation. Therefore, chemoprevention has been regarded as an important measure, and Chinese medicinal herbs have been the research hotspot. This review aimed to summarize the effects of Chinese medicinal herbs on the prevention of gastric cancer, mechanism of action and the treatment prospects, with emphasis H. pylori-induced effects.