干性条件下脱硫反应中孔分布模型的研究

该文利用压汞分析微观手段,对吸收剂孔结构的实验数据提出脱硫剂的孔径分布满足高斯函数分布形式,在此基础上,充分考虑了吸收剂颗粒内部孔结构在硫化反应过程中的变化,建立了干性条件下 SO2和多孔 CaO 反应的孔分布数学模型。模型计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,能够很好地反映脱硫反应的本质过程,可以用来预测脱硫剂的钙转化率。

埕北30太古宇裂缝性潜山油藏孔渗参数模型

为了建立裂缝性潜山油藏的孔渗参数模型,选取核磁共振测井、密度测井和声波测井资料约束Elanplus软件解释井剖面各点的总孔隙度和裂缝系统渗透率,利用井点孔渗物性与声波测井速度资料回归了声波测井速度、声波时差与孔隙度、渗透率的关系式。利用三维地震反演和相干分析得到的三维速度数据体,求取了埕北30太古宇潜山油藏孔渗物性的三维分布。在建立裂缝系统径向、主裂缝方向、次裂缝方向和垂向渗透率之间相关关系模型的基础上,结合应力场数值模拟求得的裂缝走向,预测了裂缝系统渗透率的三维空间各向异性分布,建立了裂缝性潜山油藏的孔渗参数模型。

The effect of the fracture distribution on CO_2 injection into a coal seam

The effect of the fracture distribution on CO 2 injection into coal seams was studied with a heterogeneous model having dual porosity to represent both the primary medium (the coal matrix) and the secondary medium (the fractures) under variable stress conditions. A numerical generation method and a digital image processing method were used to model the heterogeneous fracture distribution in the coal. The model solutions demonstrate that: (1) the fractures are the main channel for gas flow and their distribution has an important impact on the gas injection rate; (2) the fractures only affect the injection rate of CO 2 into the coal but not the final storage amount; (3) when gas is injected into coal the fractures will first expand and then close due to the changing effective stresses and the adsorption induced swelling of coal grains. This fully coupled dual-porosity model with a heterogeneous fracture distribution provides a way to predict the CO 2 injection into a coal seam.

Modeling porous structure of oil-pressboard interface and its effect on electric field distribution

The oil-pressboard insulation is a typical composite insulation system widely used in the design and manufactory of large power apparatus. The implement of oil-pressboard insulation may lead to surface electrification and discharge at the interface under certain condition. It is of significant importance to take an insight into the phenomenon occurring at the interface. Through experiment, the pressboard is found as a porous material. The interface changes abruptly from bulk pressboard to the bulk oil as a result of the porous structure. A new model is proposed which divides the interface into bulk oil region, transition region, and bulk pressboard region. The width of the transition region is decided according to the microtome figure. The effective permittivity of the transition region is calculated using a new model based on fractal theory. The model is validated and compared with previous calculation model. The effect of the existence of transition region on the electric field distribution is discussed.

高温发汗自润滑技术及其理论研究

要在中国国家自然科学基金项目《高温汗腺式自扩散润滑技术及其理论研究》（No．50275110）和《高温润滑胞体结构形态及其功能控制机理研究》（No．50775168），以及中国国家教育部博士学科点专项基金项目《高温发汗润滑胞体的多胞结构稳定性研究》（No．20070497105）的共同资助下，通过数理建模和科学试验，研究了高温发汗自润滑材料（HTSSI。c）的润滑机理、机械性能、润滑特性及其控制理论；提出了胞体结构及其强韧性模型，研究了其孔结构形态与制备工艺间互耦性；为了拓宽材料的应用范围，研究了复合润滑体组分及其复合技术；并以此制备出HTSSLC和构建了其理论与技术体系。高温发汗自润滑是基于生物体汗腺结构和发汗原理提出的自润滑原理及其技术；HTSSLC是由汗腺式有序孔胞结构的金属陶瓷硬相基体（胞壁）和熔渗在胞孔中的多元润滑体（胞核）组成的复合体，其润滑机理是复合体胞核中的润滑物质在高温摩擦热应力驱动下沿基体有序微孔通道扩散（析出）至摩擦表面，实现自补偿润滑。基于人体汗腺结构及高温发汗自润滑概念，构建了描述汗腺式微孔结构特征的汗腺式微孔分布表征模型（PSDM），并基于模型分析了烧结过程中孔隙演化规律及形成条件、材料组分和工艺参数对微孔结构形态的影响以及孔结构形态、尺寸、孔径分布与孔隙度问互耦合关系；为了验证模型的有效性，利用TiHz与CaCO。分解温度差的物化性能，以TiHz＋CaC03的复合体为复合造孔剂，辅以AlzO。为惰性弥散质点，采用二次造孔法（DSP-FT）在真空条件下制备出了与模型理论相吻合的汗腺式有序微孔结构TiC-Cr-W-Mo-V系基体。由于复合造孔剂在首次分解时，Till2分解出H2和rri，H2在烧结体内形成初始孔隙，rrj则活化烧结过程，增强了烧结体的强度；而在液相烧结温度范围内进行的CaCOs二次分解，可使C02气体在液相中形成气孔通道，在烧结体表面形成开口气孔，使得金属陶瓷基体具有高强和有序微孔结构形态。为了在微孔中复合出具有扩散活性和良好润滑性的复合润滑体，开展了软金属与金属陶瓷基体的润湿性、互溶性及真空熔浸工艺研究，实现了润滑体的优化组分设计及其在基体中梯度分布的熔浸可控性，制备出具有硬质相胞壁、软质相复合润滑胞核及有序微孔胞管的高温发汗自润滑胞体结构材料。围绕构建高温发汗自润滑胞体材料的强韧性设计和工况适应性预测的理论基础，以材料特性指导强韧性设计为目标，基于胞孔结构特征，建立了胞体接触状态的几何表征模型；引入了可表征正三角形、正四边形及正六边形等孔结构形态的特征值λ（λ－R。／R。，R。为基础胞元多边形外壁的内切圆半径；R为多边形胞孔的内切圆半径；λ取值范围为0％A〈1）；推导出相对密度广义表达式（GERD）和孔隙率广义表达式（GEP）；建立了可表征各种孔结构形态的有序孔结构几何表征模型（OPSGM），探讨了λ对材料接触强度的影响规律，得出了当A〈0．4时，可将多胞体材料看成连续介质体的结论；建立了厚壁单胞体接触力学模型（CMMTWCS），研究了不同多胞结构体及其分布形态的接触稳定性特征，以及切向力对接触应力分布的影响及胞体形态对切向力的敏感性；采用胞壁等效曲梁计算方法（ECBCM）求解了其接触力学问题，通过试验验证了模型及其算法的正确性；ECBCM不仅拓宽了经典Hertz接触理论，而且避免了当量弹性模量法中求解超越方程的困难，解决了混合理论法无法求解孔洞周围局部应力分布的难题。研究表明，孔隙率的增大对接触压力的分布影响不大，而对胞壁弯曲变形和局部应力分布影响很大，因此，影响厚壁胞体压缩强度的主要因素是胞壁弯曲变形引起的胞体内（尤其是孔口）应力分布。围绕构建HTSSLC的组分设计及润滑控制的理论基础，开展了材料细观力学特征及其相组分对其润滑性影响的研究}基于材料的硬质相和软质相复合特征，建立了基于α因子（α为反映材料中各相组分体积百分比因子）的面向颗粒增强型复合材料的弹性模量修正Hirsch模型（MHMEM），研究了α与材料中各相成份体积百分比和弹性模量的函数关系；理论结果与试验结果的一致性证明，SEEMEM精度高，避免了对试验数据的依赖，可有效地拓宽到均匀复合材料的弹性模量计算中；推导出无须区分基体相和增强相的颗粒增强型均质复合材料热膨胀系数计算模型（TECMPRC），研究了其微观等效弹性模量、线膨胀系数、热特性、微应力应变规律等细观力学行为；研究了润滑胞体孔隙率与胞核变形量之间的相关性、工作温度对胞核变形量的影响以及胞核组分对润滑体析出量的影响。研究表明，孔隙率及工作温度对胞核变形量有较大影响，而胞核组分及变形量又影响其润滑元素析出量；这种互耦性在很大程度上取决于胞体的组分设计其热参数性能。为了探讨高温发汗自润滑机理，在高温摩擦学试验基础上，开展了润滑体析出机理分析、磨损表面形貌分析、表面膜厚度测量及膜中元素分布形态的研究，探讨了摩擦过程中工况参数与润滑体组分对其摩擦磨损特性的影响；研究了以Pb，Sn，Ag，Cu等软金属元素为组分的复合润滑体析出过程及成膜机理；观察和分析了在严重擦伤部位的润滑元素浓度分布形态。结果表明，高温发汗自润滑的典型特征是其胞核中的润滑元素能在高温摩擦热一应力驱动下沿有序微孔析出，并富集在摩擦表面；其分布形态是擦伤越严重的部位，其润滑元素析出的浓度越大；基于工程表面摩擦越严重部位的摩擦热一应力越大的事实，这种润滑元素在摩擦热应力驱动下向摩擦表面扩散实现其自润滑的机理，揭示了其择优自补偿润滑的功能特征。围绕构建HTSSLC的润滑控制与零件寿命设计的理论基础，以润滑控制为研究对象，基于高温发汗润滑机理及其摩擦过程中表面形貌特征变化趋势，建立了元胞自动机模型（CA）；研究了高温摩擦过程中的材料摩擦系数、表面形貌、接触应力及摩擦温度场动态过程，揭示了摩擦过程中润滑体析出一润滑膜形成、破坏、再形成的动态演变规律；基于高温发汗润滑表面膜覆盖率（CRLF）与润滑性能之间的耦合关系，建立了其覆盖率计算模型，揭示了摩擦副表面形貌、润滑层结构及材料参数、环境温度对润滑膜覆盖率的影响。研究表明，润滑膜覆盖率随材料基体孔隙率，润滑层深度和环境温度增加而增大；减小摩擦表面粗糙度，可以提高摩擦表面边界润滑膜的覆盖率；实现了以摩擦表面粗糙度、熔渗孔隙率、润滑层深度、材料热膨胀系数及工作温度为自变量的高温发汗自润滑膜覆盖率的预测计算。为了拓宽HTSSILC的温度使用范围，基于BN和C具有的相似物理特性和晶体结构，在基于经验电子理论（EET）对BN及BNC复合物的价电子结构进行分析的基础上，设计和制备出BNC硅油复合胶体，并作为高温发汗润滑液将其复合进金属陶瓷基体，取得了在300℃的温度下其摩擦系数仅为0．13的工程效果。卜述研究表明：制备出的内贯通有序微孔胞体结构形态的金属陶瓷基体具有接触强度与尺度优势，可存储具有不同特性的复合润滑粒子体作为润滑剂；因而，该基体是摩擦学功能材料的理想载体，通过在载体中熔浸（或浸渍）具有不同性能的润滑体可组成新的发汗润滑功能体，解决特殊工况领域的自补偿润滑问题。

Numerical Simulation for Thermal Distribution of Air-conditioner Outdoor Units

Air-conditioners used in high-rise residential or office buildings often have outdoor units installed on the side-walls or roofs in the confined space of the buildings.The heat released from the outdoor units causes the tem-perature rise in the confined installation space and leads to uncomfortable thermal environment and deteriorative performance of air-conditioners.The factors affecting the performance of air-conditioners are the heat released from the outdoor units,the solar radiation and the ventilation of the confined installation space,which are inves-tigated in this study and simulated by FLUENT using the porous model and discrete ordinates (DO) radiation model.It is proved that the porous model is more reliable than the solid model.The optimal installation distance from the supporting wall is obtained.The average temperature of the exit without wind is 1.18% higher than that with wind.The results show that the heat released from the outdoor units and the ventilation of the confined in-stallation space are the main factors affecting the thermal environment in the confined installation space.The in-fluence of the solar radiation is negligible.

An effective thermal conductivity model for unsaturated compacted bentonites with consideration of bimodal shape of pore size distribution

An effective thermal conductivity model was proposed for unsaturated compacted bentonites with consideration of the bimodal shape of pore size distribution curves. The pores of soils were grouped into two dominant pore size modes corresponding to the intra- and inter-particle pores, and were simulated with randomly distributed spheroidal inclusions of different aspect ratios. With the assumption of preferential invasion of the wetting fluid （water） into pores of smaller sizes and by virtue of the analyt- ical solution to the inhomogeneous inclusion problem in heat conduction, the model was developed using the Mori-Tanaka （MT）, Ponte Castafieda-Willis （PCW） and self-consistent （SC） homogenization approaches for different considerations of the interactions between pores and the solid phase. The proposed model is functions of the thermal conductivities of the solid, liq- uid and gas phases, porosity, the degree of saturation, the aspect ratios of pores and/or soil particles, and the fraction of the smaller group of pores. The proposed model was validated against five sets of laboratory measurement data on the MX-80, FEBEX, KunigeI-V1 and GMZ01 bentonites, showing a good agreement between the model predictions and the laboratory measurements. The responses of the model with respect to the geometries of pores and solid particles were examined. Com- pared to series-parallel structural models, the proposed model may overall exhibit better performance if proper homogenization schemes are adopted, but as an advantage, the model has clearer physical mechanisms and a smaller number of parameters.