饱和粘性土体中孔隙水压力对地铁振动荷载响应特征分析

以上海地铁二号线某区间隧道附近的饱和粘性土体为研究对象,在地铁振动荷载作用下,通过对不同位置、不同深度土体中预埋孔压计振动频率的连续监测,研究饱和粘性土体中孔隙水压力对振动荷载的响应特征,得出了饱和粘性土中孔隙水压力增长和消散的变化规律,并用土动力学及能量损失原理对其机理进行了分析。

真空预压中真空度与孔隙水压力的关系分析

真空度与孔隙水压力是两个不同的概念,在土体中某点真空表测试的真空度与测点处的孔压差并不相同,但它们有着内在的联系。根据气体状态方程和平衡方程,推导出在某点真空表反映的真空度值与孔压计反映的孔压差的理论关系式。测点在地下水位以上时,两者的测试结果是一致的;测点在地下水位以下时,真空度小于孔压差,两者可按公式进行换算。测试结果表明:现场实测结果与理论计算结果基本吻合,证实了理论推导的正确性,也说明了真空表内真空度与孔隙水压力的关系。

孔隙水压力测试和分析中存在的问题及对策

针对目前几种常用的孔压计封孔方法存在的问题,提出一种新的孔压计封孔技术,并在广州南沙一真空预压加固软基工程中进行对比试验。实测结果表明,采用传统塌孔方式封孔埋设孔压计难于封堵,上下孔压计容易连通,不同深度的孔压差几乎一致,测试结果误差较大;采用新的封孔装置可有效地防止孔压计上下连通,不同深度的孔压差变化呈现明显的差异性,测试结果较为准确,且施工方便,孔压计定位准确。同时,还分析土体压缩和地下水位的变化对孔隙水压力的影响:土体压缩和地下水位变化越大,对孔隙水压力的影响就越大。土体压缩和地下水位变化对孔隙水压力的影响可达20kPa,因此在研究孔隙水压力消散规律或超静孔隙水压力分布模式时,须扣除因土体压缩和地下水位的变化而引起的孔隙水压力变化值。

吹填土真空预压监测仪器埋设方法探讨

结合具体工程详细介绍了吹填土真空预压工程两次处理过程中,各监测仪器埋设前的准备及器材制作改装、埋设的具体方法及详细步骤,同时指出了在施工过程中的注意事项等。为以后的相关工程监测起到一定的指导和借鉴作用,提高监测仪器埋设的成活率,在节约经济成本和时间的基础上保证监测数据的准确性,推动监测项目的研究和发展。

某强夯地基处理试验监测方案与成果分析

首先介绍了强夯地基处理试验的监测方案,然后对具有代表性的孔隙水压力和地基分层沉降的监测成果加以分析 并得出一些重要的结论,从而为正式的强夯地基处理施工提供了合理的施工参数。

A STUDY OF DETERMINING MICROPORE VOLUME OF ACTIVATED CARBON BY MERCURY POROSIMETRY

The Micro pore volume in porous materials usually interests many researchers. However, there has been few, if not, direct method to determine it. A strategy of combining mercury porosimetry with pre adsorption is proposed in the present paper. The total pore volume in activated carbon is determined through direct measurements for the first time. The application scope of mercury porosimetry is also enlarged. Besides, the present experiments also confirmed the preference of adsorption to the smaller pores even in the range of meso and macro pores.

Synthesis and structural characterization of macroporous bioactive glass

Porous sol-gel glass of CaO-SiO2-P2O5 system with macropores larger than 100 μm was prepared by adding stearic acid as pore former when the sintering was carried out at 700 ℃ for 3h.The sol-gel porous glass shows an amorphous structure. The diameter of the pore created by pore former varies from 100 to 300 μm, and macroporous glass has a narrow and small pore size distribution in mesoporous scale. The porosity and pore size of macroporous bioactive glass can be controlled.

Fluids in Mesopores： A New Theory and Applications

While hysteresis in the adsorption of fluids in porous material is known since about one century, the thermodynamic treatment of this phenomenon is still not settled. We propose to accept that thermodynamics is not designed to deal with confined systems and we propose to introduce a new set of rules for describing the behavior of confined systems. This proposal is based on a large number of simulation calculations. The employed method of simulation has been shown to describe static and dynamic phenomena encountered in this field. The newly formulated theory incorporates the phenomenon of hysteresis without inconsistencies. Further, it will be shown that the theory allows simulating diffusional and convectional transport （nanofluidics） by a unified approach without the need to introduce capillary forces （surface or interface tensions） by phenomenological parameters. The second part of the paper is devoted to the potential for practical use. It turns out that the new concepts open the route to employing unusual states of matter found in porous systems which may lead to improved applications. In particular we will focus on the possibility to drive a fluid in a pore into states with negative pressure under static and under dynamic conditions. It turns out that states with negative pressure can be reproducibly controlled. Negative pressure states are in principal known since the time of Torricelli and they have been discussed in the literature as experimentally accessible situations. Still, they have not been turned into practical usefulness which is likely to be caused by the notion of their metastability in macroscopic systems. Possible applications refer to controlling chemical reactions as well as new routes to efficient separation processes that are difficult to handle by conventional techniques.

Limit analysis of roof collapse in tunnels under seepage forces condition with three-dimensional failure mechanism

The state of roof collapse in tunnels is actually three-dimensional, so constructing a three-dimensional failure collapse mechanism is crucial so as to reflect the realistic collapsing scopes more reasonably. According to Hoek-Brown failure criterion and the upper bound theorem of limit analysis, the solution for describing the shape of roof collapse in circular or rectangular tunnels subjected to seepage forces is derived by virtue of variational calculation. The seepage forces calculated from the gradient of excess pore pressure distribution are taken as external loading in the limit analysis, and it is of great convenience to compute the pore pressure with pore pressure coefficient. Consequently, the effect of seepage forces is taken as a work rate of external force and incorporated into the upper bound limit analysis. The numerical results of collapse dimensions with different rock parameters show great validity and agreement by comparing with the results of that with two-dimensional failure mechanism.

Optimizing and slope determination of final wall for Maiduk Mine with consideration of destabilizer factors

In this research, determination of final slope for Maiduk copper mine of Kerman is investigated according to destabilizing factors of the mine. The development of the Maiduk Mine caused the extension of the mine area and also withdrawal of its wall. So, optimizing possibility of mine slope is essential. Finally,the magnitude of optimized slopes for different walls of the mine in association with executive commands with better factors of safety is provided. The results show that the most important destabilizer factors are the presence of water and pore pressure in the faults and the main joints. With the omission of pore pressure, mine wall for the designed depth is quite stable. This requires a drainage pattern in the lifetime of the mine. In an optimistic point of view, the minimum factor of safety of the wall will be 2.81 even without drainage. This conclusion allows optimizing the slope to its maximum magnitude of 51 degree. With the pessimistic engineering judgment and with the higher SF, the magnitude of the slope is optimized to 47 degree.

A case study of seismic response of earth embankment foundation on liquefiable soils

A case study of seismic response of an earth embankment foundation on liquefiable soils in Kansai area,western Japan was presented. Based on a calibrated cyclic elasto-plastic constitutive model for liquefiable sand and Biot dynamic coupled theory,the seismic analysis was carried out by using a dynamic effective stress finite element method under plane strain condition. A recent design study was illustrated in detail for a river earth embankment subjected to seismic excitation on the saturated deposits with liquefiable sands. Simulated results of the embankment foundation during liquefaction were obtained for acceleration,displacement,and excess pore water pressures,which were considered to yield useful results for earthquake geotechnical design. The results show that the foundation soil reaches a fully liquefied state with high excess pore pressure ratios approaching to 1.0 due to the earthquake shaking. At the end of the earthquake,the extensive liquefaction causes about 1.0 m lateral spreading at the toe and 60 cm settlement at the crest of the earth embankment.

Modeling porous structure of oil-pressboard interface and its effect on electric field distribution

The oil-pressboard insulation is a typical composite insulation system widely used in the design and manufactory of large power apparatus. The implement of oil-pressboard insulation may lead to surface electrification and discharge at the interface under certain condition. It is of significant importance to take an insight into the phenomenon occurring at the interface. Through experiment, the pressboard is found as a porous material. The interface changes abruptly from bulk pressboard to the bulk oil as a result of the porous structure. A new model is proposed which divides the interface into bulk oil region, transition region, and bulk pressboard region. The width of the transition region is decided according to the microtome figure. The effective permittivity of the transition region is calculated using a new model based on fractal theory. The model is validated and compared with previous calculation model. The effect of the existence of transition region on the electric field distribution is discussed.

Experimental and CFD Simulations of Pressure Loss through Perforated Plates

This paper presents the experimental pressure loss of water flow through perforated plates with geometry similar to the ones of the bottom end piece of a Pressurized Water Reactors （PWR） fuel element. Geometric features like the number, pattern and diameter of holes were evaluated as well as different inlet chamfers. The recovering pressure profile downstream of the plates was also measured. The experimental results were compared with numerical modeling performed with the commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） code CFX 11.0. The analysis of the results shows that the standard k-e turbulence model presents the best compromise between computing time and accuracy for the calculation of the total pressure loss through the perforated plates tested.

Responses of wind-induced internal pressure in a two-compartment building with a dominant opening and background porosity Part 2:Parameter analyses and design equations

Analyses of the effects of some parameters were performed to determine the admittance functions in a common two-compartment building with background porosity by the imposed excitation method.Variations of the magnification factors of fluctuating internal pressures were analyzed using 96 model cases under random fluctuating external pressure,and then corresponding design equations were fitted.The results show that the Helmholtz resonance peaks of the admittance functions in both compartments increase with increasing the area of windward or partition wall opening.With increasing the volume of the compartment with an external opening,the resonance peak in this compartment at the higher Helmholtz frequency significantly decreases,at the same time,the resonance peak in the other compartment at the lower Helmholtz frequency also decreases.With increasing the volume of the compartment with background porosity,both resonance peaks in this compartment at the lower and higher Helmholtz frequencies decrease,meanwhile,the resonance peak at the lower Helmholtz frequency for the other compartment also decreases,whereas the resonance peak at the higher Helmholtz frequency increases.Both resonance peaks of the admittance functions in the two compartments decrease with increasing the amplitude of fluctuating external pressure coefficients or reference wind speed.

Consolidation analysis of composite foundation with partially penetrated cement fly-ash gravel(CFG) piles under changing permeable boundary conditions

Based on the double-layered foundation theory, the composite ground with partially penetrated cement fly-ash gravel(CFG) piles was regarded as a double-layered foundation including the surface reinforced area and the underlying untreated stratum. Due to the changing permeability property of CFG piles, the whole consolidation process of the composite ground with CFG piles was divided into two stages, i.e., the early stage(permeable CFG pile bodies) and the later stage(impermeable pile bodies). Then, the consolidation equation of the composite foundation with CFG piles was established by using the Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theory. Consequently, the unified formula to calculate the excess pore water pressure was derived with the specific solutions for the consolidation degree of composite ground, reinforced area and underlying stratum under instant load obtained respectively. Finally, combined with a numerical example, influencing rules by main factors(including the replacement rate m, the treatment depth h1, the permeability coefficient Ks1, Kv2 and compression modulus Es1, Es2 of reinforced area and underlying stratum) on the consolidation property of composite ground with CFG piles were discussed in detail. The result shows that the consolidation velocity of underlying stratum is slower than that of the reinforced area. However, the consolidation velocity of underlying stratum is slow at first then fast as a result of the transferring of effective stress to the underlying stratum during the dissipating process of excess pore water pressure.

The fracturing pressure prediction model for hydraulic fracturing treatment

The accurate prediction of fracturing pressure for pay zone is the very important guidance to hydraulic fracturing design and operation. The pore pressure around the wellbore happens to change variously as the fracturing fluid entering the pay zone. The change of pore pressure affects the stress-state and the fracturing pressure around the wellbore. In this paper, a new concept of the effective membrane pressure coefficient is presented according to the wall building capacity of the fracturing fluid, then the change of pore pressure around the wellbore is studied, and it is proven that the prediction model for fracturing pressure is improved.

Theoretical model for the improved PCC pile using expansive concrete

Conventional PCC pile technique has been widely used as embankment piles for highway construction in China. To further improve the PCC pile capacity, the expansive concrete technique has been applied to the PCC pile to replace the normal concrete recently. The use of expansive concrete for the PCC pile could increase the pile diameter as well as the contact pressure at the pile-soil interface due to the expansion process of concrete, which allows the improved PCC pile to provide higher capacity than the conventional PCC pile. This paper presents a theoretical model for the new improved PCC pile using expansive concrete technique. The model is formulated by assuming the PCC pile installation process as large strain undrained cylindrical cavity expansion and the subsequent pile shaft expansion combined with soil consolidation process is simulated by the small strain cylindrical cavity expansion combined with strain-controlled consolidation. Then, similarity solution technique is used to solve the problem of cavity expansion in modified cam Clay （MCC） model, while the strain-controlled consolidation is calculated through the finite difference method （FDM）. Subsequently, the suitability of the cavity expansion solution in the interpretation of the PCC pile installation is verified by comparing the calculated excess pore pressure with the measured value in an instrumented field test. The stress changes and excess pore pressure during the PCC pile installation and subsequent pile shaft expansion are investigated by means of parametric study. The proposed theoretical model first reveals and quantifies the fundamental mechanism of the PCC pile using expansive concrete technique and it provides a theoretical basis for developing design methods of the new improved PCC pile in the future.