致密砂岩储层孔隙结构分形与分级评价——以莺歌海盆地乐东区黄流组为例

[目的]明确致密砂岩储层孔喉微观形态,划分储层孔隙结构级次,多角度半定量评价储层的储集特征和渗流能力,有助于明确具有高效产能潜力的储层类型。[方法]以莺歌海盆乐东区黄流组致密砂岩为例,利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞等实验手段,开展储层孔隙结构分形维数计算与分级评价的研究。[结果]致密砂岩储层质量的影响因素之一是大孔喉孔隙结构;分形维数越接近3,孔隙结构越复杂,连通的大孔喉越少。依据孔喉分级特征、成岩相、孔隙结构复杂程度,建立了孔隙结构分级评价的四类模型:类型Ⅰ为小孔喉优势型储层,强胶结成岩相,大孔喉孔隙度占比小于45%,D_(max)值为2.75~2.90,致密储层;类型Ⅱ为大—小孔喉连续型储层,弱胶结—弱溶蚀成岩相,大孔喉孔隙度占比45%~70%,D_(max)值为2.70~2.85,低渗储层;类型Ⅲ为大孔喉优势型储层,强溶蚀成岩相,大孔喉孔隙度占比大于70%,D_(max)值为2.55~2.65,优质储层;类型Ⅳ为大孔喉单峰型储层,强压实成岩相,大孔喉孔隙度占比50%~60%,D_(max)值为2.65~2.75,低渗储层。通过Fisher判别方法,建立储层类型测井预测模型,对比储层类型与气测响应和储层含气饱和度,发现Ⅲ类储层的产气效能高,具有勘探价值。[结论]研究成果为致密砂岩储层评价与分类提供了新思路,明确了储层孔隙结构对气水分布存在控制作用。

基于孔隙分形几何的生物质型煤固硫性能研究

鉴于以往对生物质型煤的固硫性能的研究多限于经典的脱硫剂硫化反应 ,应用压汞测孔法测量多种典型配比和两种典型孔隙系统的生物质型煤的孔隙特性 .根据生物质型煤的孔径分布特征 ,建立孔隙分形结构模型 ,模拟相同分维的生物质型煤的孔隙率和比表面积 ;从孔隙分形结构的形核、生长的角度 ,探究生物质型煤的脱硫机理 ;进而得出生物质型煤分形结构存在的孔径范围 ,以及分维、均孔等分形几何参数与生物质质量分数的规律 .最后 ,提出并解释了“人工分形体”概念 ,用以描述类似生物质型煤孔体系的孔结构 .

基于核磁共振技术分析骨料粒径对水泥砂浆微观结构的影响

为研究骨料粒径对水泥砂浆微观结构的影响,采用核磁共振(NMR)设备和BRS-Ⅱ型脉冲孔渗测定仪测试了骨料分别为标准砂和机制砂(粒径分别为1.25~2.50 mm、2.50~5.00 mm、5.00~10.00 mm)的标准柱状水泥砂浆试件的T_(2)谱、核磁共振成像硬脉冲一维频率编码技术(GR序列)和渗透率,探究了骨料粒径对水泥砂浆试件孔径分布、渗透率、孔隙度、迂曲度、孔隙结构分形特征以及孔隙空间分布均匀程度的影响。研究结果表明:标准砂试件的等效平均孔隙半径及孔隙度最小,等效平均孔隙半径随骨料粒径的增大先减小后增大,而骨料粒径与迂曲度呈负相关关系,与渗透率、孔隙度以及毛细孔分形维数呈正相关关系。另外,随着骨料粒径增加,试件孔隙空间分布不均匀程度显著增大,骨料粒径对水泥砂浆孔隙空间分布影响明显。

煤储层分形孔隙结构中流体运移格子Boltzmann模拟

耦合理论模型与数值模拟方法,详细分析了煤储层孔隙结构分形特征对煤层气运移的控制作用.首先,采用Menger海绵体构造思想模拟了三维煤岩介质的非线性孔隙结构;随后,借助多孔介质渗透率的串联,并联模式预测模型,推导出分形多孔介质渗透率同孔径分布特征之间的关系,并采用格子波尔兹曼方法验证了其有效性.基于耦合方法,系统分析了分形多孔介质孔隙度,孔隙结构分形维数Db,孔径范围[rmin,rmax]等参数对其渗透率的影响,结果表明:①最大孔径rmax形成的通道主宰,呈近2次方关系;②最大孔径同最小孔径比越大,渗透率越高;③Db与之间呈负幂乘关系,并表现出分段特征,拐点为Db=2.5附近.综合以上分析结果,推演出分形多孔介质渗透率预测模型为max n Cfr,其中C为常量,n为接近2的常量,f是同孔隙结构信息相关的表达式.最后,本文还讨论了Db=2时,本文预测模型与Kozeny和Carman模型=Crn的等效性.

Nuclear magnetic resonance T_2 spectrum:multifractal characteristics and pore structure evaluation

Pore structure characteristics are important to oil and gas exploration in complex low-permeability reservoirs. Using multifractal theory and nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）, we studied the pore structure of low-permeability sandstone rocks from the 4th Member （Es4） of the Shahejie Formation in the south slope of the Dongying Sag. We used the existing pore structure data from petrophysics, core slices, and mercury injection tests to classify the pore structure into three categories and five subcategories. Then, the T2 spectra of samples with different pore structures were interpolated, and the one- and three-dimensional fractal dimensions and the multifractal spectrum were obtained. Parameters a （intensity of singularity） andf（a） （density of distribution） were extracted from the multifractal spectra. The differences in the three fractal dimensions suggest that the pore structure types correlate with a andf（a）. The results calculated based on the multifractal spectrum is consistent with that of the core slices and mercury injection. Finally, the proposed method was applied to an actual logging profile to evaluate the pore structure of low-permeability sandstone reservoirs.

Fractal desulfurization kinetics of high-sulfur coal

The pore structure characteristics of high-sulfur coal from Wansheng in Chongqing have been studied by a nitrogen adsorption method （BET）. The effects of grinding and pre-treating with nitric acid on the inorganic sulfur content of coal have been investigated. Organic sulfur in coal pretreated with nitric acid was desulfurized by using propylene-glycol-KOH （PG-KOH）. Fractal kinetic properties of these two desulfurization procedures were investigated by using fractal geometric theory. The results show that both the specific surface area and pore volume increased with the decrease in particle diameter. The microspore surface of coal had fractal characteristics; the fractal dimension was 2.48. The sulfur content decreased with the decrease in particle diameter by grinding. After pretreatment with nitric acid, the desulfurization ratio （DFR） of inorganic sulfur increased to over 99% and the DFR of total sulfur to over 70%. The desulfurization procedure of inorganic sulfur had fractal kinetic characteristics; its reactive frac- tal dimension was 2.94. The organic sulfur desulfurization procedure by PG-KOH was also tallied with fractal kinetic properties; the reactive fracta! dimension was 2.57. The effect of temperature on the desul- furization ratio of organic sulfur can be described with an Arrhenius empirical equation. The rate constant, pre-exponential factor and the activation energy of the reaction increased with the decrease in particle diameter.

Study on Permeability of 2.5D Woven Reinforcement Materials with Fractal Theory

Permeability is one of the key issues in the design of molds and in the molding process for composite manufacture. As a disordered fibrous assembly, 2.5- dimension （2.5 D） woven reinforcement materials have complex structure. It poses a challenge to the study of pore structure and the establishment of the theoretical permeability model. Toward addressing this problem, a powerful tool called fractal theory emerged. According to the analysis of 2.5 D woven reinforcement material stmcture using fractal theory, it is found that the structure has an obvious fractal character. Therefore, a permeability fractal model of 2.5D woven reinforcement material was established by cormbining the Hagen-Poiseulle equation with Darcy law according to the capillary vessel fractal model in this paper. The permeability was expressed as a function of the fractal dimension and microstructure parameter of the porous media in this model. The theoretical model is verified by experimental tests and the measurement data are in good agreement with the results obtained from the fractal medel .

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of fluid flow through coal reservoir's fractal pore structure

The influences of fractal pore structure in coal reservoir on coalbed methane(CBM) migration were analyzed in detail by coupling theoretical models and numerical methods.Different types of fractals were generated based on the construction thought of the standard Menger Sponge to model the 3D nonlinear coal pore structures.Then a correlation model between the permeability of fractal porous medium and its pore-size-distribution characteristics was derived using the parallel and serial modes and verified by Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM).Based on the coupled method,porosity(ф),fractal dimension of pore structure(Db),pore size range(rmin,rmax) and other parameters were systematically analyzed for their influences on the permeability(ф) of fractal porous medium.The results indicate that:① the channels connected by pores with the maximum size(rmax) dominate the permeability,approximating in the quadratic law;② the greater the ratio of r max and r min is,the higher is;③ the relationship between D b and follows a negative power law model,and breaks into two segments at the position where Db ≌2.5.Based on the results above,a predicting model of fractal porous medium permeability was proposed,formulated as k=cfrnmax,where C and n(approximately equal to 2) are constants and f is an expression only containing parameters of fractal pore structure.In addition,the equivalence of the new proposed model for porous medium and the Kozeny-Carman model k=Crn was verified at Db =2.0.