珠江三角洲弱透水层孔隙水水化学及运移模拟

珠江三角洲第四纪弱透水层上覆于底部承压含水层之上,其水文地球化学演化过程对底部含水层有决定性影响。为认识珠江三角洲弱透水层孔隙水的形成及演化,本文对中山市民众镇ZK01钻孔黏性土孔隙水化学特征、水文地球化学参数、矿物饱和指数等进行了分析,结果显示孔隙水盐度较高,TDS=4.42~30.47 g/L。孔隙水水化学类型为Cl^(-)Na型,与海水类型一致,且主要水化学组分具有浓度随深度增加而上升的趋势。Cl/Br、γ(Na/Cl)系数和Gibbs分析显示孔隙水具有海水起源的特征,地下水盐度很可能来源于全新世海水。SO_(4)^(2-)主要受黏性土中硫酸根还原作用的控制,而不受石膏沉淀作用的影响。浅层孔隙水中Ca^(2+)、Na^(+)在孔隙水演化过程中受到阳离子交替吸附作用影响,表现为Na^(+)的亏损和Ca^(2+)的富集。NH_(4)^(+)主要与Mg^(2+)发生交换作用,致使孔隙水中NH_(4)^(+)增加。K^(+)在孔隙水演化过程中受混合作用和吸附作用控制,表现出衰减特征。结合14C测年数据,在考虑沉积环境、沉积过程与沉积速率的基础上,以水文地球化学模拟软件PHREEQC构建了弱透水层Cl^(-)一维溶质运移模型,模拟结果表明该区域弱透水层中存在垂向上的扩散作用,垂向对流速度十分缓慢,弱透水层的有效扩散系数约为6.0×10^(-11)m^(2)/s。

Geochemical Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Riparian Sediment Pore Water of Songhua River, Northeast China

This study reports the geochemical characteristics of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in the riparian sediment pore water of the Songhua River, Northeast China. In total, 36 pore water samples and 18 surface water samples from three typical sections were collected and analyzed in June 2009. Cluster analysis of heavy metals was performed to analyze the pollution sources of the metals. Results showed that Hg concentrations in the pore water were greater than those in the surface water, indicating a potential ability of Hg release from riparian sediment system to river water. However, concentrations of Fe and Mn in the surface water were greater than those in the pore water, demonstrating that the microenvironments of riparian and riverbed sediment systems were quite different. Variations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni between the surface and the pore water were different in each section. Most metals had similar horizontal and profile distribution characteristics in the three sections except for Zn and Ni. Hg, Fe and Mn concentrations in the pore water increased gradually with the increase in horizontal distance from water body, in contrast to this, Cu decreased, and Pb presented a fluctuating trend. With the increase in depth, Pb and Fe, Cu and Mn showed the same trends, and Hg showed a variable trend. The above distribution characteristics could mainly be attributed to the properties and the interactions of metals, pH and oxidation-reduction conditions, and the complex pollution sources and hydrologic regime in history. The probable sources of metals include the historical and ongoing discharge of industrial wastewater, mining activities, sewage irrigation for agricultural production, and atmospheric deposition from coal-fired plants.

安徽淮北平原水文地质条件与供水引发的环境地质问题分析

研究了安徽淮北平原含水层的分布特征,根据岩性、含水介质和埋藏条件将区内的含水层划分为松散岩类的孔隙水和岩溶裂隙水,分析了地下水化学成分在空间上的分布规律和变化特征,指出了区内开采地下水引发的环境问题。

Stem flow chemistry of Picea glehnii,Abies sachalinensis and Alnus japonica and its effect on the peat pore water chemistry in an ombrogenous mire in Ochiishi,eastern Hokkaido,Japan

We investigated the chemical properties of stemflow of Picea glehnii,Abies sachalinensis and Alnus japonica as well as peat pore water chemistry,including the distance and depth profiles of pore water chemistry,in an ombrogenous mire.The effect of stemflow on the peat pore water chemistry was clear at the stem base in the peat forest in the mire,and the peat pore water around the stem base of a tree had its own chemical properties specific to each species.P.glehnii showed the highest concentration of salts both in stemflow and peat-pore water,whereas A.japonica showed the lowest concentrations;however,the gradient of the chemical environment from the stem base to outside of the canopy is formed.The peat pore water chemistry under the canopy was mainly controlled by the chemical processes diluted by the abundant peat pore water;the stemflow movement in the high water content of the peat was more slowly because of the flat topography（〈 1o）.This would be due to the fact that the chemicals in stemflow would be diluted by the abundant peat pore water.The spatial heterogeneity of chemical environment between microsites within forested peatland would be also contributed indirectly through the control of microorganism activity,and nutrient regeneration mediated the surface water and the stemflow of the dominant canopy trees.

碎屑岩骨架颗粒溶解的热力学条件及其在克拉2气田的应用

基于热力学相平衡原理,探讨了不同成分的斜长石和钾长石在成岩作用期间与地下流体之间的反应平衡关系,尤其是温度和流体成分(pH值,K+,Na+,Ca2+的活度等)对长石溶解-沉淀平衡的影响.通过检测库车坳陷中克拉2气田的储层物性、次生孔隙、长石溶解的结构特征、次生粘土矿物、地下水化学特征,发现克拉2气田中储层质量最好的岩层的次生孔隙非常发育,而且其中的斜长石的溶解特征也十分明显,斜长石具有明显的选择性溶解的特征,而钾长石表现出清楚的次生加大的现象.地下水化学成分刚好落在长石溶解热力学相图的钾长石沉淀区、钙长石的完全溶解区以及钠长石组分的部分溶解区,很好地解释了本区的长石溶解特征.因此,可得出长石的溶解对本区储层中次生孔隙的发育做出了相当的贡献.推测这些位于异常高压带的长石骨架颗粒溶解所需要的溶剂极可能来自深部的泥岩富含有机酸的挤出水.

Geochemistry of pore waters from HQ-1PC of the Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea, and its implications for gas hydrate exploration

The Qiongdongnan Basin is one of the target areas for marine gas hydrate exploration in the northern margin of the South China Sea. In this study, major anion (e.g., SO42 , Cl, Br, I), cation (e.g., Ca, Mg, K, Na), and trace element (e.g., Sr, Ba) con- centrations of pore water samples collected from site HQ-1PC in the Qiongdongnan Basin were analyzed. These geochemical data suggest that the process of AOM (Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane) is dominant in sulfate-reduction zone in this site due to high upwelling iodine flux and strong microbial activities. The iodine-rich fluids, which may carry methane for the gas hydrate formation, pass through the gas hydrate stability zone, mix with brine released during gas hydrate formation, and cause the geochemical anomalies observed at site HQ-1PC. The pore water geochemical characteristics and anomalies in the Qiongdongnan Basin are quite similar to those found in other gas hydrate locations in the Shenhu area in the northern South China Sea, and a genetic link is suggested with the possibility of gas hydrate occurrence in the study area.