海藻颗粒流化床燃烧后灰孔隙结构分析

在小型流化床试验台上进行了大型海藻颗粒(条浒苔与马尾藻)在流化床内的燃烧试验研究,结果表明,条浒苔颗粒能够稳定燃烧,而马尾藻颗粒结渣严重.针对海藻原样和流化床燃烧后收集的底灰,进一步利用压汞法和氮气吸附法进行孔隙结构分析,结果表明,燃烧后灰比原样孔隙增多,孔隙率从21.01%增大到49.74%;内部孔隙扩张,孔容积和比表面积增大.通过分形分析可知,海藻原样表面光滑,燃烧后灰表面粗糙不规则.燃烧后海藻灰具备多孔结构,可以考虑综合利用.

岩样核磁共振试验在孔隙结构分析中的应用

嘉二段作为四川盆地一套稳定的地层,在XX气田岩性为白云岩夹灰岩和石膏,从岩芯分析看云岩的种类较多,主要以细粉晶和粉晶云岩为主。嘉二可划分为3个亚段(即嘉二1、嘉二2、嘉二3),常规测井资料及岩芯物性分析表明嘉二1段嘉二2段储层物性差异较小,但产能差异大,利用岩样核磁共振实验数据结合压汞资料分析了嘉二1和嘉二2两个亚段的孔隙结构类型,认为孔喉半径差异是影响产能的重要因素。

页岩基质微观孔隙结构分析新方法

页岩基质孔隙主要包含有机孔隙和无机孔隙,页岩油气在有机孔隙和无机孔隙中的渗流机理不同,对页岩中有机孔隙和无机孔隙的微观结构进行定量表征具有重要意义.首先通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)实验分别获取具有代表性的页岩无机孔隙和有机孔隙扫描电镜图像,其中,无机孔隙相对较大,其图像的分辨率较低,有机孔隙相对较小,其图像的分辨率较高;然后,通过图像处理和马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(Markov chain Monte Carlo,简称MCMC)法重构出相应的无机孔隙数字岩心和有机孔隙数字岩心,并提出局部叠加法构建同时包含无机孔隙和有机孔隙的页岩基质孔隙数字岩心;最后对无机孔隙数字岩心、有机孔隙数字岩心和基质孔隙数字岩心的结构特征进行了对比分析.结果表明,局部叠加法构建的页岩基质孔隙数字岩心能够同时描述页岩中的无机孔隙和有机孔隙结构特征,无机孔隙本身连通性较差,有机孔隙本身连通性较好,有机孔隙的局部孔隙度和局部渗透率较高,对页岩中的流体渗流有着重要作用.该方法为页岩中不同的孔隙结构特征描述和油气在纳米尺度孔隙中的传输模拟提供了一个可靠的研究平台.

蒸养参数对高强混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响

以硫酸盐侵蚀环境中混凝土抗压强度损失为评价指标,结合压汞测孔技术,研究了静养时间、升温速度、恒温时间和恒温温度等蒸养参数对高强混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响。研究结果表明,与标准养护相比,蒸养可导致混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能明显劣化;静养时间的延长对高强混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能有明显的改善作用,而过快的升温速度、较长的恒温时间及较高的恒温温度均对混凝土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能有不利影响。

利用核磁共振信息评价致密砂岩气层

文章针对致密砂岩中,该类气层具有储层的成岩作用强,物性差,孔隙结构异常复杂、非均质性极强等特点,为解决该类气层的岩性识别、地质参数计算、流体判识以及孔隙结构分析是测井评价面临的难题。分析了核磁共振测井在致密砂岩地层评价具有特殊的规律,以岩样核磁共振实验分析为基础,阐述了核磁共振测井资料解决致密砂岩岩性划分、流体识别、地质参数计算以及孔隙结构分析等问题及解决方法。实践表明,核磁共振测井方法在致密砂岩天然气评价中具有较好的应用效果。

3D characterization and analysis of pore structure of packed ore particle beds based on computed tomography images

Methods and procedures of three-dimensional （3D） characterization of the pore structure features in the packed ore particle bed are focused. X-ray computed tomography was applied to deriving the cross-sectional images of specimens with single particle size of 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 ram. Based on the in-house developed 3D image analysis programs using Matlab, the volume porosity, pore size distribution and degree of connectivity were calculated and analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the volume porosity, the mean diameter of pores and the effective pore size （d50） increase with the increasing of particle size. Lognormal distribution or Gauss distribution is mostly suitable to model the pore size distribution. The degree of connectivity investigated on the basis of cluster-labeling algorithm also increases with increasing the particle size approximately.

Classification of tight sandstone reservoirs based on NMR logging

The traditional reservoir classification methods based on conventional well logging are inefficient for determining the properties,such as the porosity,shale volume,J function,and flow zone index,of the tight sandstone reservoirs because of their complex pore structure and large heterogeneity.Specifically,the method that is commonly used to characterize the reservoir pore structure is dependent on the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)transverse relaxation time(T2)distribution,which is closely related to the pore size distribution.Further,the pore structure parameters(displacement pressure,maximum pore-throat radius,and median pore-throat radius)can be determined and applied to reservoir classification based on the empirical linear or power function obtained from the NMR T2 distributions and the mercury intrusion capillary pressure ourves.However,the effective generalization of these empirical functions is difficult because they differ according to the region and are limited by the representative samples of different regions.A lognormal distribution is commonly used to describe the pore size and particle size distributions of the rock and quantitatively characterize the reservoir pore structure based on the volume,mean radius,and standard deviation of the small and large pores.In this study,we obtain six parameters(the volume,mean radius,and standard deviation of the small and large pores)that represent the characteristics of pore distribution and rock heterogeneity,calculate the total porosity via NMR logging,and classify the reservoirs via cluster analysis by adopting a bimodal lognormal distribution to fit the NMR T2 spectrum.Finally,based on the data obtained from the core tests and the NMR logs,the proposed method,which is readily applicable,can effectively classify the tight sandstone reservoirs.

Behavior of phenol adsorption on thermal modified activated carbon

Adsorption process is acknowledged as an effective option for phenolic wastewater treatment. In this work, the activated carbon （AC） samples after thermal modification were prepared by using muffle furnace. The phenol ad- sorption kinetics and equilibrium measurements were carried out under static conditions at temperature ranging from 25 to 55 ~C. The test results show that the thermal modification can enhance phenol adsorption on AC samples. The porous structure and surface chemistry analyses indicate that the decay in pore morphology and decrease of total oxygen-containing functional groups are found for the thermal modified AC samples. Thus, it can be further inferred that the decrease of total oxygen-containing functional groups on the modified AC sam- ples is the main reason for the enhanced phenol adsorption capacity. For both the raw sample and the optimum modified AC sample at 900 ~C, the pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir models are found to fit the exper- imental data very well. The maximum phenol adsorption capacity of the optimum modified AC sample can reach 144,93 mg.g ~ which is higher than that of the raw sample, i.e. 119.53 mg.g 1. Adsorption thermodynamics analysis confirms that the phenol adsorption on the optimum modified AC sample is an exothermic process and mainly via physical adsorption.

Analysis of microscopic pore structures of rocks before and after water absorption

Hydrophilic characteristics of rocks are affected by their microscopic pore structures,which clearly change after water absorption.Water absorption tests and scanning electron microscopic（SEM） experiments on rock samples,located at a site in Tibet,China,were carried out Changes of rock pore structures before and after water absorption were studied with the distribution of pore sizes and fractal characteristics of pores.The results show that surface porosities,fractal dimensions of pores and the complexity of pore structures increased because the number of new small pores produced increased or the original macropore flow channels were expanded after rocks absorbed water.There were points of inflection on their water absorption curves.After water absorption of other rocks,surface porosities and fractal dimensions of pores and complexity of pore structures decreased as the original pore flow channels became filled.Water absorption curves did not change.Surface porosity and the pore fractal dimensions of rocks have good linear relationships before and after water absorption.

Pore structure analysis of PFSA/SiO_2 composite catalysts from nitrogen adsorption isotherms

The perfluorosulfonic acid （PFSA）/SiO2 composite catalysts were prepared by sol-gel method. Differences concerning pore structure analysis of PFSA/SiO2 catalysts were discussed on the basis of nitrogen adsorption. Their surface area and pore size distributions were evaluated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda （BJH） methods, respectively. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms associated with adsorption hysteresis of PFSA/SiO2 catalysts were analyzed in detail. The adsorption isotherms of PFSA/SiOe catalysts belonged to Type IV isotherms accompanied by hysteresis loops of Type H1 for PFSA/SiO2 catalysts with content of 5%, 13% and 20% PFSA （PFSA-5, PFSA-13 and PFSA-20）, and the hysteresis loop of Type H2 for PFSA/SiO2 catalyst with 40% PFSA content （PFSA-40）. It indicated that PFSA-5, PFSA-13 and PFSA-20 catalysts had narrow pore size distributions and the well-defined cylindrical pores, while PFSA-40 catalyst had wide pore size distribution and inkbottle-like pores. The pore structure of PFSA-40 catalyst from the analysis of the hysteresis loop was not in agreement with that from BJH method. As an emendation for evaluation of pore size distributions of PFSA/SiOz catalysts, the comparison plots method was introduced, which was helpful to evaluate the pore structure of PFSA/SiO2 catalysts more factually.