唐代盐产量考

唐代的盐业生产主要有海盐、池盐和井盐三种类型。此外还有煮碱土和水柏柴灰为盐的,也有直接开采的矿盐生产,但在整个盐业生产中所占的比重极小而且后来官府严厉禁止这些难以控制的非“正规”化生产,只允许前三种类型的生产存在。所以,本文专就海盐、池盐和井盐的年产量进行探讨。 一、海盐产量 海盐产量最高的是扬州海陵监。“海陵盐监,煮盐六十万石,而楚州盐城、浙西嘉兴、临平两监所出次焉。”楚州盐城县“每岁煮盐四十五万石”。其他产地的产量不清楚。《旧唐书》卷49《食货下》载:“(刘晏)代第五琦领盐务,其法益密。初年入钱六十万,季年则十倍其初。”《新唐书》卷54《食货四》说:“

刘晏的信息网和用人

刘晏是唐代卓越的理财家,史称“管、萧之亚”。这是人们所熟知的。本文仅就他十分重视经济信息和用人方面的经验作一点介绍。一、建立经济信息网。自公元757年至780年,刘晏执财柄二十几年,权势之重,邻于宰相。为了掌握全国各地经济命脉和动态,便把兵贵神速的军事原则,成功地运用到理财方面,创造性地建立了具有战略意义的经济信息网,及时掌握各地能影响经济的信息,调拨物资,组织流通,调剂余缺。具体做法是,利用原来的机构,即转运使司所辖各道(相当省一级的行政组织)管理盐务的巡院,设置知院官.收集本道各州县庄稼好坏。

Preliminary Studies on Summer Precipitation Patterns in China

[Objective] Study on the spatial distribution of summer precipitation patterns and interannual and interdecadal variability. [Method] The summer precipitation patterns were obtained from standard field of summer precipitation data for 160 observation stations in China during 1951 -2000 by the utilization of empirical orthogonal function （EOF）, and characteristics of interannual and interdecadal variability were analyzed. [Result] The summer precipitation mainly distributes in eastern part of China; The 1 st, 2nd and 3rd EOF modes of spatial distribution are especially remarkable as well consistent with the results of previous reports about three rainfall patterns from analysis on the percentages of precipitation anomaly of summer. [Conclusion] There exists interannual and interdecadal variability for summer precipitation in China.

鸦片战争与中国妇女

鸦片战争严重地影响了中国历史的进程,给中国社会各方面带来了无尽的灾难,尤其是妇女这一社会群体的遭遇更为悲惨,从而激起她们奋力抵抗.资本主义经济的发展要求越出国界寻求广阔的市场,以获得尽可能多的剩余价值.列强把侵略、掠夺的魔爪伸向了地大物博、人口众多的中华帝国.英国资产阶级经过许多挫折和失败,终于打开传统自然经济王国的门户,找到既易为中国方面接受,本身又可谋巨利的商品——鸦片.罪恶的鸦片贸易迅速发展,为英国资产阶级掠取了血腥的暴利,同时给中国社会造成了严重的后果.鸦片泛滥很快,不仅在广东、福建,连江浙一带很快也染上了吸食鸦片的恶习.如上海淞江一带,“道光以前吸食者无多,季年以后,其毒乃不可遏,通衢列肆。

英雄OR野兽身边的女人

NBA赛场上,美国的新闻同行除了喜欢把镜头对准赛场上大牌球星们,就是指向看台上他们的妻子或女友们了,大概男人们在场上臭汗直流、气喘吁吁的样子和女人们在场边嚼爆米花的悠闲表情,合在一起,在他们眼中,恰是一幅最妙的图画。人们常说,男人是泥做的,天生阳刚;女人是水做的,生来妩媚。而作为长年生活在NBA球星身边的女人们,她们的一举一动,一颦一笑,更是公众欣赏和品评的焦点。谈NBA的性感,离不开这些球星身边的女人们。今年总决赛之后,全美乃至全世界的观众都记住了一个性感尤物的名字——伊娃·朗格丽亚,马刺后卫托尼·帕克的女友。

Difference in the Interdecadal Variability of Spring and Summer Sensible Heat Fluxes over Northwest China

The present study investigates the difference in interdecadal variability of the spring and summer sensible heat fluxes over Northwest China by using station observations from 1960 to 2000. It was found that the spring sensible heat flux over Northwest China was greater during the period from the late 1970s to the 1990s than during the period from the 1960s to the mid-1970s. The summer sensible heat flux was smaller in the late 1980s through the 1990s than it was in the 1970s through the early 1980s. Both the spring and summer land-air temperature differences over Northwest China displayed an obvious interdecadal increase in the late 1970s. Both the spring and summer surface wind speeds experienced an obvious interdecadal weakening in the late 1970s. The change in the surface wind speed played a more important role in the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux during the summer, whereas the change in the land-air temperature difference was more important for the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux in the spring. This difference was related to seasonal changes in the mean land-air temperature difference and the surface wind speed. Further analysis indicated that the increase in the spring land surface temperature in Northwest China was related to an increase in surface net radiation.

中国证券监督管理委员会行政处罚决定书

2007年4月18日证监罚字[2007]13号当事人:福建三农集团股份有限公司(以下简称福建三农),住所三明市梅列区徐碧,法定代表人季年谊。季年谊,男,1962年出生,时任福建三农董事长,住址上海市静安区北京西路1604号。刘永和,男,1963年出生,时任福建三农董事,住址福建省三明市梅列区红岩新村15幢101号。

Variations in the annual cycle of the East Asian monsoon and its phase-induced interseasonal rainfall anomalies in China

The East Asian monsoon(EAM)exhibits a robust annual cycle with significant interannual variability.Here,the authors find that the EAM annual cycle can be decomposed into the equinoctial and solstitial modes in the combined sea level pressure,850-hPa low-level wind,and rainfall fields.The solstitial mode shows a zonal pressure contrast between the continental thermal low and the western Pacific subtropical high,reaching its peak in July and dominating the East Asian summer monsoon.The equinoctial mode shows an approximate zonal contrast between the low-level cyclone over the east of the Tibetan Plateau and the western Pacific anticyclone over the east of the Philippines.It prevails during the spring rainy season in South China and reaches its peak in April.The interannual variations of the lead–lag phase of the two modes may result in the negative correlation of rainfall anomalies in North China between spring and fall and in South China between winter and summer,which provides a potential basis for the across-seasonal prediction of rainfall.The warm phase of ENSO in winter could give rise to the reverse interseasonal rainfall anomalies in South China,while the SST anomaly in the Northwest Pacific Ocean may regulate the rainfall anomaly in North China.

THE EAST ASIAN SUBTROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON INDEX AND ITS RELATION WITH THE CLIMATE ANOMALIES IN CHINA

A new East Asian subtropical summer monsoon circulation index is defined, where the barotropic and baroclinic components of circulation are included. Results show that this index can well indicate the interannual variability of summer precipitation and temperature anomalies in China. A strong monsoon is characterized by more rainfall in the Yellow River basin and northern China, less rainfall in the Yangtze River basin, and more rainfall in south and southeast China, in association with higher temperature in most areas of China. Furthermore, comparison is made between the index proposed in this paper and other monsoon indexes in representing climate anomalies in China.

Projected Changes in Asian Summer Monsoon in RCP Scenarios of CMIP5

Responses of the Asian Summer Monsoon(ASM) in future projections have been studied based on two core future projections of phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5) coordinated experiments with the IAP-coupled model FGOALS_s2(the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model).The projected changes of the ASM in climatological mean and interannual variability were respectively reported.Both the South Asian Summer Monsoon(SASM) and the East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM) were intensified in their climatology,featuring increased monsoon precipitation and an enhanced monsoon lower-level westerly jet flow.Accordingly,the amplitude of the annual cycle of rainfall over East Asia(EA) is enhanced,thereby indicating a more abrupt monsoon onset.After the EA monsoon onset,the EASM marched farther northward in the future scenarios than in the historical runs.In the interannual variability,the leading pattern of the EASM,defined by the first multi-variable EOF analysis over EA,explains more of the total variances in the warmest future scenario,specifically,Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP8.5).Also,the correlation coefficients analysis suggests that the relationship between the EASM interannual variations and ENSO was significantly strengthened in the future projections,which may indicate improved predictability of the EASM interannual variations.

Morphological Characteristics Analysis of 11 Broom Sorghum Varieties

[Objective] To provide a theoretical basis for high-yield breeding of broom sorghum.[Method] Using 11 kinds of broom sorghum collected at home as research objects, the differences in morphological characteristics of broom sorghum were compared through the survey of some indicators, such as plant height, tillering, inflorescence, stem node, stem-leaf ratio, yield, and so on. [Result] The 11 kinds of broom sorghum were different in morphological characteristics with large amplitude of plant height; zygl-1, zygl-6, zygl-8 and zygl-9 were appropriate for fixed broom type; zygl-9 had the highest integrated production. [Condusion] The study laid the foundation for further exploring breeding, cultivation and promotion of broom sorghum.

Contrasting the Indian and western North Pacific summer monsoons in terms of their intensity of interannual variability and biennial relationship with ENSO

The intensity of interannual variability(IIV)of the monsoon and monsoon–ENSO biennial relationship(MEBR)were examined and compared for both the Indian summer monsoon(ISM)and western North Pacific summer monsoon(WNPSM)during 1958–2018.Covariability of the IIV and MEBR were identified for the two monsoons.When the MEBR was strong(weak),the IIV of the monsoon was observed to be large(small).This rule applied to both the ISM and WNPSM.Out-ofphase relationships were found between the ISM and the WNPSM.When the IIV and MEBR of the ISM were strong(weak),those of the WNPSM tended to be weak(strong).During the period with a stronger(weaker)ENSO–Atlantic coupling after(before)the mid-1980 s,the IIV and MEBR of the WNPSM(ISM)were observed to be stronger.The increasing influences from the tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature(SST)may trigger the observed seesaw pattern of the ISM and WNPSM in terms of the IIV and MEBR multidecadal variability.The results imply that tropical Atlantic SST may need to be given more attention and consideration when predicting future monsoon variability of the ISM and WNPSM.

Inter-decadal variations,causes and future projection of the Asian summer monsoon

The present paper presents a concise summary of our recent studies on the Asian summer monsoon,with highting decadal and inter- decadal scales. The studies on the long- term variations of the Asian summer monsoon and its impacts on the change in the summer precipitation in China are reviewed. Moreover,recent changes in the Asian summer monsoon and summer precipitation in East Asia(including Meiyu precipitation)are discussed. Finally,the future changes of the Asian summer monsoon are also pointed out in this paper.

A southward withdrawal of the northern edge of the East Asian summer monsoon around the early1990s

The northern edge of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） is identified using the pentad total column water vapor obtained from ERA-Interim reanalysis data during 1979-2015.Empirical orthogonal function analysis is applied to study the meridional displacement of the northern edge of the EASM during the study period,and the results show an interdecadal southward shift around 1993/1994 and an indistinct northward displacement after 2007/2008.To focus on the interdecadal change around 1993/1994,composite analysis using the difference between 1979-1993 and 1994-2007 is employed.Through examination of the differences between these two periods,a significant anticyclonic anomaly is found over Mongolia,suggesting a pronounced interdecadal weakening of the Mongolian low during 1994-2007.Thus,northward advancement of the EASM may have been prevented by the anomalous northerly flow to the east of the weakened Mongolian low after 1993.Further study shows that the interdecadal weakening of the Mongolian low might be attributable to the meridional inhomogeneity of surface warming over the northern part of East Asia.Previous studies suggest that such meridional inhomogeneity would lead to a reduction in local atmospheric baroclinicity,and thus the suppression of extratropical cyclone activity over Mongolia,resulting in a southward withdrawal of the northern edge of the EASM on the interdecadal timescale.

Oscillation in frequency of tropical cyclones passing Taiwan and Hainan Islands and the relationship with summer monsoon

The temporal variations in the frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs) traversing the Taiwan and Hainan Islands (TH islands), were analyzed using a best-track TC dataset from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center for the period 1945-2007. Results show that the oscillations were interannual and interdecadal on the timescales of 2-8 and 8-12 years, respectively. It is also shown that the number of TCs formed in the western North Pacific basin (WNP) and of those traversing the TH islands varied intraseasonally. These results also held for typhoons traversing the TH islands, although the oscillations were less apparent. This study identified interrelationships between the frequency of TCs making landfall on the TH islands and the East Asia summer monsoon (EASM), the South Asia summer monsoon (SASM), and the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM). The SCSSM significantly influenced the number of TCs traversing Hainan Island, but had little influence on the number of TCs traversing Taiwan Island. By contrast, the SASM influenced the numbers of TCs traversing both of the TH islands, shown by correlation coefficients of 0.41 for Taiwan Island and -0.25 for Hainan Island. In addition, the frequency of TC landfall on Taiwan Island increased during years of enhanced EASM, as indicated by a correlation coefficient of 0.4.

Combined impact of in-phase and out-of-phase variation between the northern East Asian low and western North Pacific subtropical high on East Asian summer rainfall

East Asian summer rainfall is affected by both the continental northern East Asian low （NEAL） and the western North Pacific subtropical high （WNPSH） in the lower troposphere. This study investigates the joint effect of the two circulation factors on East Asian summer rainfall. It is found that the rainfall in East Asia behaves differently in the years with in-phase and out-of-phase variation between the NEAL and WNPSH. When the NEAL and WNPSH vary in phase, i.e. when they are both stronger, the rainfall anomaly shows a dipole pattern in East Asia and displays opposite changes between north and south of 30°N. When the two circulation factors vary out of phase, the rainfall anomaly is concentrated in the Yangtze River valley.

Impact of the Preceding Boreal Winter Southern Annular Mode on the Summertime Somali Jet

One of the major high-latitude circulation systems in the Southern Hemisphere is the Southern Annular Mode(SAM). Its effect on the Somali Jet(SMJ), which connects the Southern and Northern hemispheres, cannot be ignored. The present reported results show that time series of both the Southern Annular Mode Index(SAMI) during the preceding winter and the summertime Somali Jet intensity Index(SMJI) display a significant increasing trend and have similar interdecadal variation. The latter was rather strong around 1960, then became weaker up to the mid-1980 s, before starting to strengthen again. The lead-lag correlations of monthly mean SAMI with the following summertime SMJI showed significant positive correlations in November, December, and January. There are thus connections across two seasons between the SAM and the SMJ. The influence of the winter SAM on the summer SMJ was explored via analyses of SST anomalies in the Southern Indian Ocean. During strong(weak) SAM/SMJ years, the SST east of Madagascar is colder(warmer) while the SST west of Australia is warmer(colder), corresponding to the positive(negative) Southern Indian Ocean Dipole-like(SIODL) event. Subsequently, the SIODL excites an anticyclone located over the Arabian Sea in summer through air-sea coupling from winter to summer, which causes an increase in the summer SMJ intensity. The anticyclone/high branch of the SAM over the Southern Hemisphere subtropics and the cyclone/low over the east coast of Madagascar play an important role in the formation of Southern Indian Ocean "bridge" from winter to summer.

Recent Climatic Effects on Seasonal Rice Yields in Bangladesh： A Statistical Overview

Expecting that agricultural yield is highly dependent on climatic conditions, particularly water availability and suitable temperature, an agroclimatic study was carried out on rice crops during three different seasons in four regions of Bangladesh. Data on climate （surface air temperature and precipitation） and seasonal rice production were examined for the period 1986-2006 from 18 rice growth observatories. The relationship between climate and rice production was statistically analyzed by removing long-term trends so that the effects of improved irrigation, which results in a general increase in crop production, may be removed. The analysis involved both single and multiple regressions. The results suggested that, during monsoon and summer, higher temperatures had negative effects on rice production, especially in the northwestern （NW） region. In winter, positive effects were observed throughout Bangladesh. Since the annual mean temperature was positively correlated with those in the three seasons individually, the annual temperature had negative effects on the annual rice production only in the NW region, while it had positive effects in the central and southern regions. With the exception of the NW region, it was basically dry, excessive rainfall both in summer and monsoon yielded floods and reduced rice yield. In winter, more rainfall showed positive effects on crop production only in the central region, which was least irrigated. These findings suggested that accelerated atmospheric warming would result in serious damage to crops during summer and monsoon. Reliable prediction of future crop production will rely on the temperature and rainfall trends in individual seasons.

Large-scale circulation features associated with the heat wave over Northeast China in summer 2018

In late July and early August 2018,Northeast China suffered from extremely high temperatures,with the maxium temperature anomaly exceeding 6°C.In this study,the large-scale circulation features associated with this heat wave over Northeast China are analyzed using station temperature data and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data.The results indicate that strong anomalous positive geopotential height centers existed from the lower to upper levels over Northeast China,and the related downward motions were directly responsible for the extreme high-temperature anomalies.The northwestward shift of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)and the northeastward shift of the South Asian high concurrently reinforced the geopotential height anomalies and descending flow over Northeast China.In addition,an anomalous Pacific–Japan pattern in the lower troposphere led to the northwestward shift of the WPSH,jointly favoring the anomalous geopotential height over Northeast China.Two wave trains emanating from the Atlantic region propagated eastwards along high latitudes and midlatitudes,respectively,and converged over Northeast China,leading to the enhancement of the geopotential height anomalies.

Advantages of the latest Los Alamos Sea-Ice Model(CICE):evaluation of the simulated spatiotemporal variation of Arctic sea ice

The Los Alamos Sea-Ice Model(CICE)is one of the most popular sea-ice models.All versions of it have been the main sea-ice module coupled to climate system models.Therefore,evaluating their simulation capability is an important step in developing climate system models.Compared with observations and previous versions(CICE4.0 and CICE5.0),the advantages of CICE6.0(the latest version)are analyzed in this paper.It is found that CICE6.0 has the minimum interannual errors,and the seasonal cycle it simulates is the most consistent with observations.CICE4.0 overestimates winter sea-ice and underestimates summer sea-ice severely.Meanwhile,the errors of CICE5.0 in winter are larger than for the other versions.The main attention is paid to the perennial ice and the seasonal ice.The spatial distribution of root-mean-square errors indicates that the simulated errors are distributed in the Atlantic sector and the outer Arctic.Both CICE4.0 and CICE5.0 underestimate the concentration of the perennial ice and overestimate that of the seasonal ice in these areas.Meanwhile,CICE6.0 solves this problem commendably.Moreover,the decadal trends it simulates are comparatively the best,especially in the central Arctic sea.The other versions underestimate the decadal trend of the perennial ice and overestimate that of the seasonal ice.In addition,an index used to objectively describe the difference in the spatial distribution between the simulation and observation shows that CICE6.0 produces the best simulated spatial distribution.