廊坊市生态餐厅环境因子调查报告

随着人民生活水平的提高,对生活环境、就餐环境等都有了较高的标准,给餐饮行业提出了更高的要求,绿意盎然的生态餐厅应运而生。生态餐厅环境因素包括：温、湿度、光照强度、土壤酸、碱度、养分条件等。本研究结合翡翠湾生态餐厅等3家廊坊市区的生态餐厅（翡翠湾生态餐厅、绿野仙庄和九天休闲谷）,对生态餐厅环境因子进行调查。

Spatial pattern of dominant tree species of the secondary monsoon rain forest in Lianjiang, Guangdong Province

Based on the summed dominance ratios of species in sample plots, the first three dominant species (Litchi chinensis, Elaeocarpus sylvestris and Canarium album) of the secondary monsoon rain forest of Mt. Royal Shoe in Lianjiang City, western Guangdong, were chosen for analyzing their spatial distribution pattern with the analysis methods such as frequency models of Poisson Distribution, Two Negative Items Distribution, Neyman Distribution, aggregate indexes, Taylor exponential equation and Iwao’s equation modeling. The results showed that these three species distributed in the congregate spatial pattern. Litchi chinensis and Elaeocarpus sylvestris had the characteristic of basic congregate population and attractive characteristic between their plants. The patterns for Canarium album may change and become more evenly distributed with the increase of density. The overall species spatial pattern also depended on the conservation of the secondary monsoon rain forest besides it was affected by the species reproduction characteristics and its growing environment. The congregate spatial patterns of three dominant species showed that it is important to conserve forest urgent conservation of the forest.

Intraseasonal oscillation of the southwest monsoon over Sri Lanka and evaluation of its subseasonal forecast skill

Sri Lanka,a small island country located near the southernmost end of the Indian subcontinent,is controlled by the southwest monsoon(SWM)during May to September,when it suffers the most accumulated rainfall in a year.Compared with extensive studies on the intraseasonal oscillation(ISO)of the Indian monsoon,less attention has been paid to the ISO of the SWM over Sri Lanka.Based on observational data,this study reveals that the leading mode of SWM rainfall shows a significant variability on a 10-35-day time scale,and it accounts for 66%of the fractional variance.The development of the intraseasonal rainfall anomaly is associated with a westward propagating anomalous cyclonic circulation.Furthermore,the skill of current dynamic models in simulating the SWM on the subseasonal time scale was evaluated by using the ECMWF(European center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)reforecast data from S2S(the Subseasonal to Seasonal Prediction project).In general,the model is more skillful in predicting the monsoonal wind index than the monsoonal rainfall index,with the skill for the former being beyond 30 days and the latter about two weeks.The forecast skills exhibit prominent interannual differences for both indices.It is suggested that a correct simulation of the large-scale circulation response to tropical convection is crucial for the subseasonal prediction of monsoonal rainfall over Sri Lanka.

Evaluation of the subseasonal forecast skill of surface soil moisture in the S2S database

Based on the reforecasts from ve models of the Subseasonal to Seasonal(S2S)Prediction project,the S2S prediction skill of surface soil moisture(SM)over East Asia during May September is evaluated against ERA-Interim.Results show that good prediction skill of SM is generally 510 forecast days prior over southern and northeastern China in the majority of models.Over the Tibetan Plateau and northwestern China,only the ECMWF model has good prediction skill 20 days in advance.Generally,better prediction skill tends to appear over wet regions rather than dry regions.In terms of the seasonal variation of SM prediction skill,some diffierences are noticed among the models,but most of them show good prediction skill during September.Furthermore,the significant positive correlation between the prediction skill of SM and ENSO index indicates modulation by ENSO of the S2S prediction of SM.When there is an El Nino(a La Nina)event,the SM prediction skill over eastern China tends to be high(low).Through evaluation of the S2S prediction skill of SM in these models,it is found that the prediction skill of SM is lower than that of most atmospheric variables in S2S forecasts.Therefore,more attention needs to be given to the S2S forecasting of land processes.

Subseasonal variabilities of surface soil moisture in reanalysis datasets and CESM simulations

Using surface soil moisture(SM) from ERA-Interim reanalysis and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR) data together with simulated results from CESM, the authors evaluated the subseasonal variability of SM and explored its basic features. Evident subseasonal variability of SM was detected in all seasons and with different datasets. However, the subseasonal variability of SM showed significant regional differences and varied with seasons. It was found that SM has large subseasonal variances in eastern China, North America, South Africa, and Australia in the summer hemisphere. The variances of the low-frequency SM variations given by ERA-Interim and CFSR are different. Overall, CFSR shows stronger variability than ERA-Interim. Through spectral analysis, it was noticed that low-frequency variations of surface SM mainly happen with periods of 10–30 days and 30–50 days. Subseasonal variations with a period of 10–30 days are dominant in eastern China and South Africa. However, subseasonal variations with periods of both 10–30 days and 30–50 days were detected in North America and Australia. Generally, CESM captures the main features of SM subseasonal variation. However, the model overestimates the subseasonal variability in all seasons in most regions, especially in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

Seasonal Dynamics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Water and Sediment of A Multi-level Ditch System in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The multi-level ditch system developed in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China has sped up water drainage process hence transferred more pollutants from farmlands into the rivers of this region.Understanding the seasonal dynamics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) transportation in the ditch system and the role of different ditch size is thus crucial for water pollution control of the rivers in the Sanjiang Plain.In this study,an investigation was conducted in the Nongjiang watershed of the Sanjiang Plain to study the nutrient variation and the correlation between water and sediments in the ditch system in terms of ditch level.Water and sediments samples were collected in each ditch level in growing season at regular intervals (once per month),and TN,NO 3--N,NH 4+-N,TP,and PO 4 3--P were analyzed.The results show that nutrient contents in water were higher in June and July,especially in July,the contents of TN and TP were 3.21mg/L and 0.84mg/L in field ditch,4.04mg/L and 1.06mg/L in lateral ditch,2.46mg/L and 0.70mg/L in branch ditch,1.92mg/L and 0.63mg/L in main ditch,respectively.In August and September,the nutrient contents in the water were relatively lower.The peak value of nutrient in ditch water had been moving from the field ditch to the main ditch over time,showing a remarkable impact of ditch system on river water environment.The nutrient transfer in ditch sediments could only be found in rainfall season.Nutrient contents in ditch sediment had effect on that in ditch water,but nutrients in ditch water and sediments had different origination.Ditch management in terms of the key fac-tors is hence very important for protecting river water environment.

Intraseasonal oscillation of the rainfall variability over Rwanda and evaluation of its subseasonal forecasting skill

Rwanda is a landlocked country in central-eastern Africa.As a country highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture,Rwanda is vulnerable to rainfall variability.Observational data show that there are two rainy seasons in Rwanda,i.e.,the long rainy season and the short rainy season.This study mainly focuses on the dominant intraseasonal rainfall mode during the long rainy season(February-May),and evaluates the forecast skill for the intraseasonal variability(ISV)over Rwanda and its surrounding regions in a state-of-the-art dynamic model.During the long rainy season,observational results reveal that the dominant intraseasonal rainfall mode in Rwanda exhibits a significant variability on the 10-25-day time scale.One-point-correlation analysis further unveils that the 10-25-day intraseasonal rainfall variability in Rwanda co-varies with that in its adjacent areas,indicating that the overall 10-25-day rainfall variability in Rwanda and its adjacent regions(8°S-3°N,29°-37°E)should be considered collectively when studying the dominant intraseasonal rainfall variability in Rwanda.Composite results show that the development of the 10-25-day rainfall variability is associated with the anomalous westerly wind in Rwanda and its surrounding regions,which may trace back to a pair of westward-propagating equatorial Rossby waves.Based on the observational findings,an ISO_rainfall_index and an ISO_wind_index are proposed for quantitatively evaluating the forecast skill.The ECMWF model has a comparable skill in predicting the wind index and the rainfall index,with both indices showing a skill of 18 days.

Subseasonal prediction of winter precipitation in southern China using the early November snowpack over the Urals

Evolution of the autumn snowpack has been considered as a potential source for the subseasonal predictability of winter surface air temperature,but its linkage to precipitation variability has been less well discussed.This study shows that the snow water equivalent(SWE)over the Urals region in early(1–14)November is positively associated with precipitation in southern China during15–21 November and 6–15 January,based on the study period 1979/80–2016/17.In early November,a decreased Urals SWE warms the air locally via diabatic heating,indicative of significant land–atmosphere coupling over the Urals region.Meanwhile,a stationary Rossby wave train originates from the Urals and propagates along the polar-front jet stream.In mid(15–21)November,this Rossby wave train propagates downstream toward East Asia and,combined with the deepened East Asian trough,reduces the precipitation over southern China by lessening the water vapor transport.Thereafter,during 22 November to 5 January,there are barely any obvious circulation anomalies owing to the weak land–atmosphere coupling over the Urals.In early(6–15)January,the snowpack expands southward to the north of the Mediterranean Sea and cools the overlying atmosphere,suggestive of land–atmosphere coupling occurring over western Europe.A stationary Rossby wave train trapped in the subtropical westerly jet stream appears along with anomalous cyclonic circulation over Europe,and again with a deepened East Asian trough and less precipitation over southern China.The current findings have implications for winter precipitation prediction in southern China on the subseasonal timescale.

Distinct intensity of 10-30-day intraseasonal waves over the North Pacific between early and late summers

The authors’previous study identified the wave trains of intraseasonal oscillations,which are mainly in the band of 10–30 days,over the North Pacific during summer.The wave trains are zonally oriented and trapped along the upper-tropospheric westerly jet,and accordingly gain energy mainly through baroclinic energy conversion.In this study,the authors investigate the distinct features of the wave trains between early summer(1 June to 7 July)and late summer(8 July to 31 August),considering that the westerly jet experiences a remarkable subseasonal variation over the North Pacific during summer—that is,the jet is much stronger in early summer than late summer.The results indicate that the wave trains are stronger in early summer compared with late summer.Further analysis suggests that,in early summer,the wave trains can obtain energy more efficiently from the basic flow;or more exactly,stronger westerlies through baroclinic energy conversion.

Relationship between the Late Spring NAO and Summer Extreme Precipitation Frequency in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The relationship between the late spring North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the summer extreme precipitation frequency (EPF) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley (MLYRV) is examined using an NECP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and daily precipitation data from 74 stations in the MLYRV. The results show a significant negative correlation between the May NAO index and the EPF over the MLYRV in the subsequent summer. In positive EPF index years, the East Asian westerly jet shifts farther southward, and two blocking high positive anomalies appear over the Sea of Okhotsk and the Ural Mountains. These anomalies are favorable to the cold air from the mid-high latitudes invading the Yangtze River Valley (YRV). The moisture convergence and the ascending motion dominate the MLYRV. The above patterns are reversed in negative EPF index years. A wave train pattern that originates from the North Atlantic extends eastward to the Mediterranean and then moves to the Tibetan Plateau and from there to the YRV, which is an important link in the May NAO and the summer extreme precipitation in the MLYRV. The wave train may be aroused by the tripole pattern of the SST, which can explain why the May NAO affects the summer EPF in the MLYRV.

Dominance hierarchy and social relationships in a group of Captive black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bietl)

Different types of dominance hierarchies reflect different social relationships in primates. In this study, we clarified the hierarchy and social relationships in a one-male unit of captive Rhinopithecus bieti observed between August 1998 and March 1999. Mean frequency of agonistic behaviour among adult females was 0.13 interactions per hour. Adult females exhibited a linear hierarchy with a reversal of 10.9%, indicating an unstable relationship; therefore, R. bieti appears to be a relaxed/tolerant species. The lack of a relationship between the agonistic ratio of the adult male towards adult females and their ranks indicated that males did not show increased aggression towards low-ranking females. Differentiated female affiliative relationships were loosely formed in terms of the male, and to some extent influenced by female estrus, implying that relationships between the male and females is influenced by estrus and not rank alone. A positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of adult females and their ranks showed that the degree to which one female negatively impacted others decreased with reduction in rank. Similarly, a positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of females and differences in rank suggests that a female had fewer negative effects on closely ranked individuals than distantly ranked ones. These data indicate that rank may influence relationships between females. A steeper slope of regression between the agonistic ratio and inter-female rank differences indicated that the extent of the power difference in high-ranking females exerting negative effects on low-ranking ones was larger during the mating season than the birth season, suggesting that rank may influence the mating success of females.

RELATION BETWEEN SUMMER TYPHOON FREQUENCY ANOMALIES IN WEST PACIFIC AND ENSO EVENTS AND THE ANOMALOUS ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION CHARACTERISTICS

By using data of serially numbered typhoons in northwestem Pacific and NOAA OLR data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of wind field, based on the statistics and study of the relationship between the calendar years with more （or fewer） summer typhoons and ENSO events, we compared the composites of OLR eigenvectors and tropical summer wind fields during E1 Nino and La Nino events with more or fewer than normal summer typhoons, respectively. The results show that, in summer, without remarkable systematic anomalies of Mascarene High and Australia High in South Hemisphere, the anomaly of Walker circulation will dominate and follow the rule of ENSO impacts to atmospheric circulation and typhoon frequency. Otherwise, when systematic anomalies of Australia High appear during the El Nino events, circulation anomalies in the South Hemisphere will dominate, and many more typhoons will occur. In 1999, which is a special year of La Nina events, northward and eastward monsoon was induced by the stronger Mascarene High, and fewer typhoons arose. The typhoon source are regions where weak vertical wind shear, warm pool in westem Pacific and the area with monsoon troughs are overlapping with each other. Finally, this paper analyzes and compares the source locations and ranges of more （fewer） typhoons in the events of El Nino and La Nino, respectively.

The Seasonal Variations of Aerosols over East Asia as Jointly Inferred from MODIS and OMI

Data on aerosol optical thickness(AOT) and single scattering albedo(SSA) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MODIS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI) measurements,respectively,are used jointly to examine the seasonal variations of aerosols over East Asia.The seasonal signals of the total AOT are well defined and nearly similar over the land and over the ocean.These findings indicate a natural cycle of aerosols that originate primarily from natural emissions. In contrast,the small-sized aerosols represented by the fine-mode AOT,which are primarily generated over the land by human activities,do not have evident seasonalscale fluctuations.A persistent maximum of aerosol loadings centered over the Sichuan basin is associated with considerable amounts of fine-mode aerosols throughout the year.Most regions exhibit a general spring maximum. During the summer,however,the aerosol loadings are the most marked over north central China.This occurrence may result from anthropogenic fine particles,such as sulfate and nitrate.Four typical regions were selected to perform a covariation analysis of the monthly gridded AOT and SSA.Over southwestern and southeastern China,if the aerosol loadings are small to moderate they are composed primarily of the highly absorptive aerosols. However,more substantial aerosol loadings probably represent less-absorptive aerosols.The opposite covariation pattern occurring over the coastal-adjacent oceans suggests that the polluted oceanic atmosphere is closely correlated with the windward terrestrial aerosols.North central China is strongly affected by dust aerosols that show moderate absorption.This finding may explain the lower variability in the SSA that accompanies increasing aerosol loadings in this region.

Projection of the summer northern East Asian low under global warming in CMIP5 models

The East Asian summer climate is modulated by a low-pressure system over northern East Asia（NEAL） and a subtropical high over the western North Pacific. Many studies have focused on the subtropical high, but little is known about NEAL, especially its change in the future under global warming scenarios. This study investigates the projected change in NEAL in the late twenty-first century, using the outputs of 20 models from Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project — specifically, their historical climate simulations（HIST） and future climate projections under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5（RCP4.5） and 8.5（RCP8.5） scenarios. The results show that the models capture the NEAL well in HIST. The NEAL is weakened in the late twenty-first century under the two RCP scenarios, with a stronger weakening under RCP8.5 than under RCP4.5.The weakened NEAL increases the geopotential height zonal gradient in the west and causes a southerly anomaly, which may bring more moisture and rainfall to northern East Asia.

Increasing trend of lightning activity in the South Asia region

Lightning is an important natural source of wildfires and oxynitride,and hence significantly influences ecological systems and atmospheric chemistry.Here,we choose South Asia,an important region for global water reallocation and global climate changes,to examine lightning variations based on the longest existing lightning dataset from the OTD/LIS observations.We identify a clear increase in lightning density in the research region,increasing at a rate of 0.096 fl km^(-2)a^(-1)over the last two decades.Multiple linear regression analysis is adopted to identify the main influencing factors among ten potential thermodynamic or microphysical factors and the crucial areas contributing to the increases in lightning.The surface latent heat flux along the west coast of the Indian subcontinent is the largest contributor,explaining52%of the lightning variance and contributing to a 0.025 fl km^(-2)a^(-1)increase.The sea surface temperature in the Arabian Sea,the convective available potential energy(CAPE)over the northwestern Indian subcontinent,and the wind shear along the northwestern coast also make important contributions to the lightning increase,indicating that the thermodynamic effects overwhelm the microphysical effects on lightning activity over the South Asia region.

The monsoon and El Nio events during the last glaciation as recorded in core MD98-2182 from the western equatorial Pacific Ocean

Based on an analysis of δ18O and δ13C, the planktonic foraminiferal assemblage, and sedimentary grain size, and the study of multiproxy data such as paleothermocline depth, paleoproductivity, and paleosalinity during the last glaciation in core MD98-2182 from the central equatorial western Pacific warm pool, together with the data from other sites in this region, we found that sedimentary rates, terrestrial sediment grain size distribution, and paleoproductivity were markedly influenced by glacial-interglacial sea level changes in the study area. In late Marine Isotope Stage 3 （MIS3）, which was affected by glaciation and southeast summer monsoon action restricted by precession-modulated insolation, sedimentary rates and the coarse grain content of the terrestrial sediment in the study area were the highest in the past -38 ka BP, and paleoproductivity was higher during late MIS3 than the Last Glacial Maximum. A La Nifia state dominated in the two intervals of late MIS3 and the early Holocene, and the thermocline deepened. Correlated with the strong East Asian winter monsoon in the glacial period, an El Nifio state dominated during MIS2, the thermocline shoaled, and the sea surface salinity （SSS） trended lower from the west to the east owing to the precipitation zone as the locus of atmospheric convection shifted eastward.

Discovery and study of silver sulfate mineral in S_5 from the eastern suburb of Xi'an

The paleosol samples from the fifth layer of the loess profile at Renjiapo in the eastern suburb of Xi'an are observed and analyzed using electron microscope and energy spectrum. Minerals such as AgSO4 and molybdenum, which are rare to find and can indicate typical dry climate environment, are found in this layer of paleosol. Secondary mineral is usually granular form of ellipsoidal and crystallization, and has the characteristics of chemical precipitating crystallization of apertures and fracture. Molybdenum minerals have the characteristics of colloidal substances. There are two kinds of secondary minerals. One is silver sulfate mineral and the other is silver oxide mineral. The movement of secondary silver, molybdenum and cobalt minerals, new clay mineral, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 indicates that S5 has experienced strong chemical weathering and mineral dissolution during its development. Silver, molybdenum, and cobalt can be released from primary minerals. During that period, the precipitation was abundant in Xi'an where soil reached an acidity stage of chemical weathering. At the later development stage of paleosol in the lowest part of S5, warm and wet monsoon climate had changed to dry and non-monsoon climate. In the period of the formation of AgSO4, which is easier to dissolve than CaSO4, a dry and non-monsoon climate was present in the Guanzhong Plain. Strong evaporation resulted in the accumulation of SO42-in the soil water solution and the formation of AgSO4. At that time, summer monsoon of East Asia was weak and did not cross Qinling Mountains to reach Guanzhong Plain. And at that time, the precipitation in Xi'an was less than 300 mm, and it was drier then in Xi'an than at present in Lanzhou.

Change of Indonesian Throughflow outflow in response to East Asian Monsoon and ENSO activities since the Last Glacial

The Indonesian Throughflow （ITF） links upper ocean waters of the west Pacific and Indian Ocean, modulates heat and fresh water budgets between these oceans, and in turn plays an important role in global climate change. The climatic phenomena such as the East Asian monsoon and E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） exert a strong influence on flux, water properties and vertical stratification of the ITF. This work studied sediments of Core SO 18462 that was retrieved from the outflow side of the ITF in the Timor Sea in order to investigate response of the ITF to monsoon and ENSO activities since the last glacial. Based on Mg/Ca ratios and oxygen isotopes in shells of planktonic foraminiferal surface and thermocline species, seawater temperatures and salinity of both surface and thermocline waters and vertical thermal gradient of the ITF outflow were recon- structed. Records of Core SO18462 were then compared with those from Core 3cBX that was recovered from the western Pa- cific warm pool （WPWP）. The results displayed that similar surface waters occurred in the Timor Sea and the WPWP during the last glacial. Since -16 ka, an apparent difference in surface waters between these two regions exists in salinity, indicated by much fresher waters in the Timor Sea than in the WPWP. In contrast, there is little change in difference of sea surface temper- atures （SSTs）. With regard to thermocline temperature （TT）, it increased until -11.5 ka since the last glacial, and then re- mained an overall unchanged trend in the WPWP but continuously decreased in the Timor Sea towards the late Holocene. Since ~6 ka, thermocline waters have tended to be close to each other in between the Timor Sea and the WPWP. It is indicated that intensified precipitation due to East Asian monsoon and possible ENSO cold phase significantly freshened surface waters over the Indonesian Seas, impeding the ITF surface flow and in turn having enhanced thermocline flow during the Holocene. Consequently, thermocline water of the ITF outflow was cooling and thermocline was shoaling towards the late Holocene. It is speculated that, in addition to strengthening of East Asian winter monsoon, increasing ENSO events during the late Holocene likely played an important role in influencing thermocline depth of the ITF outflow.