Field study of seasonal thermal comfort and adaptive behavior for occupants in residential buildings of Xi’an,China

The study aims to investigate the thermal comfort requirements in residential buildings and to establish an adaptive thermal comfort model in the cold zone of China.A year-long field study was conducted in residential buildings in Xi’an,China.A total of 2069 valid questionnaires,along with indoor environmental parameters were obtained.The results indicated occupants’thermal comfort requirements varied with seasons.The neutral temperatures were 17.9,26.1(highest),25.2,and 17.4℃(lowest),and preferred temperatures were 23.2,25.6(highest),24.8,and 22.4℃(lowest),respectively for spring,summer,autumn,and winter.The neutral temperature and preferred temperature in autumn are close to the neutral temperature in summer,while the neutral temperature and preferred temperature in spring are close to that in winter.Besides,the 80%and 90%acceptable temperature ranges,adaptive thermal comfort models,and thermal comfort zones for each season were established.Human’s adaptability is related to his/her thermal experience of the current season and the previous season.Therefore,compared with the traditional year-round adaptive thermal comfort model,seasonal models can better reflect seasonal variations of human adaptation.This study provides fundamental knowledge of the thermal comfort demand for people in this region.

Optimisation of Climate Robust Buildings under Summer Conditions with ＂Primero-Comfort＂ Simulation Software Including Detailed User Behaviour and Comfort Expectance

In this paper the possibilities for avoiding active air conditioning by all means of the room itself （window size, glazing, shading system, natural ventilation, and furniture）, artificial light and control strategy of these systems are investigated. A very important component of the system is the user with his ability to adapt to changing conditions in his surrounding and with his possibilities to manipulate the window, the shading system, the light switch etc. All these aspects interact together. It is necessary to optimize them simultaneously. But real planning often separates them into single sections. Simulation tools also handle normally only one or a few aspects, we know for example the thermal simulation or the daylight simulation. Primero-Comfort （2009） is a simulation tool based on energy＋, what is able to consider thermal simulation as well as daylight simulation as well as user behaviour in regard to the probability of window openings. The resulting thermal comfort is rated by an adaptive comfort model, the Dutch ISSO 74 （2004）. This allows designing office rooms more realistic. And it shows that an optimized solution has to include the interactions of aU mentioned aspects. Investigations with Primero-Comfort for a moderate European climate （Hamburg） show that a very good comfort can be reached only by passive means of building design also for hot summer weather just like the summer in the year 2003. The keys for such hot-summer-robust-buildings are night ventilation with height difference, heat protection glazing and good shading system, reduced internal heat gains for artificial light by accepting a threshold of 300 lx of daylight as comfortable and a reduced window size oriented on daylighting and the view out of the window.

反对编制计划的保守倾向

一、计划指标保守三年来局属各单位为完成和超额完成第一个五年计划取得了一定的成绩,全局生产总值和主要产品产量逐年增长,速度一般保持在20％到30％。如表1: 但从历年计划与实际完成的对比中,可以看出我们的若于计划指标还存在着比较严重的保守倾向。 (一)几年来全局除1953年的生铁产量外,基本上是全面的完成了产值和产量计划,但每年超额完成计划的幅度是很大的。如表2:

克服生产计划中的保守思想

1955年全局预计可以完成国家考核的产值、成本、工人劳动生产率、职工人数、利润等五项主要指标和五种主要产品的计划。全面完成计划的情况比1954年有进步。但是同时也应该指出,我们计划工作中的保守思想是严重的。计划中的保守倾向有些什麽表现呢? 从1955年的生产计划来看,全局生产总值可以提早半个月完成计划。到11月底已有35％的企业提前完成产值计划。预计约42％的企业超额在10％以上。

王珞丹:青春是我最好的演技

决定放手之前,米莱让陆涛陪她去吃两人专属的冰淇淋。莫小闵让顾小自在他们初次相识的地方,重新认识自己,还在手机的常联络朋友号码里存上他的名字,想他的时候就打过去自虐一下。这些特别接地气的段子加上王珞丹特别真实的表演,让每个女人似乎都看到了那个曾经痴情,曾经矫情,曾经伤情的自己,于是王珞丹几乎成了这类女子的代名词,还有她那一口标准地道的新式北京话,听着就那么来劲儿。