蔡元定十八律理论新探(下)

南宋蔡元定 (1135～ 1198)非但为博学硕儒、“朱学干城”,在音乐理论上也自有成绩。本文以蔡氏《律吕新书》为研究对象 ,并以书中主要见解之一的“十八律”为研究重心。文分三节 ,第一节为朱子书信及语录探讨。《律吕新书》与朱子 ,确定此书与朱子关系甚深 ,甚至可代表程朱一派的思想。第二节分析十八律的生成背景、理论内涵 ,及意义功能。第三节则探溯十八律的理论渊源 ,上《汉书·律历志》、陈仲儒奏议 ,至杜佑《通典》,十八律体系逐渐成形 ,脉络俱在。最后陈明季通在乐学上的功过瑕瑜及其影响 ,以为全文的结论。

古本“朱子语录”考——《朱子语类大全》未收语录书二十四种

一南宋导江黎靖德编《朱子语类大全》,世称"朱子语类",刊于度宗咸淳六年(1270)。《朱子语类大全》综合"四录二类"——李贯之编"池录"、李性传编"饶录"、蔡杭编"饶后录"、吴坚编"建别录"以及黄士毅编"蜀类"、王僻编"徽续类",辑为一百四十卷,共收朱子门人九十七家所记语录。黎氏校编之际,刊正讹误,删薤重复,去除可疑,遂集"朱子语录"之大成。嘉泰二年(1202),庆元党禁解禁之后,朱门所记之语录如雨后春笋,层出不穷。朱子语录付诸刊刻者有之,以写本流传者有之,手编而藏于家塾者亦有之。朱子门人。

Impact of seasonal tide variation on saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang River estuary

An improved 3-D ECOM-si model was used to study the impact of seasonal tide variation on saltwater intrusion into the Changjiang River estuary, especially at the bifurcation of the North Branch （NB） and the South Branch （SB）. The study assumes that the fiver discharge and wind are constant. The model successfully reproduced the saltwater intrusion. During spring tide, there is water and salt spillover （WSO and SSO） from the NB into the SB, and tidally averaged （net） water and salt fluxes are 985 m3/s and 24.8 ton/s, respectively. During neap tide, the WSO disappears and its net water flux is 122 m3/s. Meanwhile, the SSO continues, with net salt flux of 1.01 ton/s, much smaller than during spring tide. Because the tidal range during spring tide is smaller in June than in March, overall saltwater intrusion is weaker in June than in March during that tidal period. However, the WSO and SSO still exist in June. Net water and salt fluxes in that month are 622 m3/s and 15.35 ton/s, respectively, decreasing by 363 m3/s and 9.45 ton/s over those in March. Because tidal range during neap tide is greater in June than in March, saltwater intrusion in June is stronger than in March during that tidal period. The WSO and SSO appear in June, with net water and salt fluxes of 280 m3/s and 8.55 ton/s, respectively, increasing by 402 m3/s and 7.54 ton/s over those in March. Saltwater intrusion in the estuary is controlled by the fiver discharge, semi-diurnal flood-ebb tide, semi-monthly spring or neap tide, and seasonal tide variation.

Seasonal Changes of Energy Fluxes in an Estuarine Wetland of Shanghai,China

The energy budget and regulating factors were investigated over an estuarine wetland during one year of continuous measurement in 2006.The results show that the seasonal changes of the energy fluxes and Bowen ratio(β) were greatly affected by incoming shortwave radiation and canopy growth.During the non-growing season and early-growing season, sensible heat(H) dominated the energy flux, and β could reach a maximum of 2.5, while during most of the growing season, latent heat dominated the energy flux and β fluctuated from 0.4 to 1.0.The energy budget ratio in growing season was about 0.76, and the value would be higher if heat exchange during tidal flooding was in-cluded.During tidal flooding days, β was slightly higher than that at exposure days in most cases.Vegetation cover seems exert little effect on energy partitioning except in March when the standing dead grass intercepted the incoming radiation that might reach the soil surface and reduce the turbulence between soil and atmosphere, thus suppressing the evaporation from the soil though the soil mositure was high at that time.

Difference in the Interdecadal Variability of Spring and Summer Sensible Heat Fluxes over Northwest China

The present study investigates the difference in interdecadal variability of the spring and summer sensible heat fluxes over Northwest China by using station observations from 1960 to 2000. It was found that the spring sensible heat flux over Northwest China was greater during the period from the late 1970s to the 1990s than during the period from the 1960s to the mid-1970s. The summer sensible heat flux was smaller in the late 1980s through the 1990s than it was in the 1970s through the early 1980s. Both the spring and summer land-air temperature differences over Northwest China displayed an obvious interdecadal increase in the late 1970s. Both the spring and summer surface wind speeds experienced an obvious interdecadal weakening in the late 1970s. The change in the surface wind speed played a more important role in the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux during the summer, whereas the change in the land-air temperature difference was more important for the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux in the spring. This difference was related to seasonal changes in the mean land-air temperature difference and the surface wind speed. Further analysis indicated that the increase in the spring land surface temperature in Northwest China was related to an increase in surface net radiation.

Atmospheric boundary layer sources for upper tropospheric air over the Asian summer monsoon region

Previous satellite measurements and model simulations have shown that the Asian summer monsoon（ASM） anticyclone is co-located with higher concentrations of pollutants, which are emitted in the continental atmospheric boundary layer（ABL）. Backward trajectory calculations show that the air at the 150-hPa level has the maximum frequency of ABL sources within 30 days over the most intensive convection regions and their downwind areas, which are not located within the ASM anticyclone,but rather at the southern flank or periphery of the ASM anticyclone. The upper tropospheric airs originated from the ABL sources include two parts： one from the ocean, which has the dominant impact to the south of 20°N, particularly over the South China Sea（SCS） and the west tropical Pacific Ocean; and another from the continent, which is dominant between 10°N and 30°N, particularly over the Bay of Bengal（BoB）, continental India, the Arabian Sea, and the Arabian Peninsula. It is the latter part that forms the higher pollutant concentration within the ASM anticyclone as shown by satellite measurements. Air in the ABL sources（both polluted and unpolluted） converges to the intensive convection region in the lower troposphere, and then traverses the middle troposphere through a wide group of upward pipes, and finally to the upper troposphere. These pipes in the middle troposphere are defined by the ASM intensive convections and cover the south of continental India,the BoB, the Tibetan Plateau, the Indochina Peninsula, the SCS, and the Philippine Sea.

Wave Effect on the Ocean Circulations Through Mass Transport and Wave-Induced Pumping

The wave Coriolis-Stokes-Force-modified ocean momentum equations are reviewed in this paper and the wave Stokes transport is pointed out to be part of the ocean circulations. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40-year reanalysis data(ERA-40 data) and the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA) version 2.2.4 data, the magnitude of this transport is compared with that of wind-driven Sverdrup transport and a 5-to-10-precent contribution by the wave Stokes transport is found. Both transports are stronger in boreal winter than in summers. The wave effect can be either contribution or cancellation in different seasons. Examination with Kuroshio transport verifies similar seasonal variations. The clarification of the efficient wave boundary condition helps to understand the role of waves in mass transport. It acts as surface wind stress and can be functional down to the bottom of the ageostrophic layer. The pumping velocities resulting from wave-induced stress are zonally distributed and are significant in relatively high latitudes. Further work will focus on the model performance of the wave-stress-changed-boundary and the role of swells in the eastern part of the oceans.

ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 100-hPa SOUTH ASIA HIGH AND MEI-YU IN JIANGSU PROVINCE

By analyzing the change of an index for the characteristics of South Asia High and variations of upper-air troughs in 2002–2005,we studied the impact of South Asia high on the beginning and ending of the Mei-yu(i.e.sustained rain corresponding to the ripening season of plum)in Jiangsu province.Statistic verification is conducted on the relationships between the index and the Mei-yu season in 1991–2005 to examine the impacts of the SAH characteristics index on a rain intensity index of Mei-yu and regional distribution of a characteristics index for different annual patterns of Mei-yu.Historical composite is performed of the 100-hPa circulation field for these patterns using the 100-hPa geopotential height of Northern Hemisphere from 2002 to 2005 and 45-year NCEP reanalysis to study the difference in the circulation for different patterns of Mei-yu.Diagnostic and statistic conclusions,which share much in common,have been obtained as follows.(1)The characteristics preceding to and the advancement/retreat of SAH and the movement of westerly troughs are the factors that influence the onset time of the Mei-yu season;after the Mei-yu onset,the progression/withdrawal of SAH and how farther east it extends are determining how long the Mei-yu lasts and when it ends.(2)During the Mei-yu,the general 100-hPa circulation situation and average characteristics of the SAH are well corresponding to the characteristics of the season and annual patterns of Mei-yu.In addition,the averages of the SAH ridgeline and east-extending index for June,July and the Mei-yu season have some implications to the forecast of the index of Mei-yu intensity.These conclusions can be served as powerful means in determining the starting/ending dates, duration and annual pattern of the Mei-yu season.

Effects of Coordinate Rotation on Turbulent Flux Measurements during Wintertime Haze Pollution in Beijing, China

Eddy-covariance observations from the Beijing 325-m meteorological tower are used to evaluate the effects of coordinate rotation on the turbulent exchange of momentum and scalars during wintertime haze pollution(January-February 2013). Two techniques are used in the present evaluation; namely, the natural wind coordinate(NWC) and the planar fit coordinate(PFC), with the latter being applied by means of two methods for linear regression(i.e., overall and sector-wise). The different techniques show a general agreement in both turbulent fluxes and transport efficiencies, especially evident at the lower, 140-m level above the ground(compared to the higher, 280-m level), perhaps implying that the selection of a technique for coordinate rotation(NWC or PFC) is less of a concern for a sufficiently low level, despite the complexities of urban terrain. Additionally, sector-wise regression is a recommended approach for practical application of the PFC in a complex urban environment subjected to particulate pollution, because this method is found to produce a better correlation between the mean vertical velocity at the 140- and 280-m heights.

Effects of Transportation Stress during the Hot-Dry Season on Some Haematological and Physiological Parameters in Moroccan Dromedary Camels （Camelus dromedarius）

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of road transportation under heat conditions on some haematological [Ht （haematocrit）, blood cells count and EOF （erythrocytes osmotic fragility）] and physiological [Tr （rectal temperature）, HR （heart） and RR （respiratory rates）, and circulating levels of Cor （cortisol）, Glu （glucose） and minerals] parameters in Moroccan dromedary camels. The animals were subjected to road transportation stressor for 2 h by truck during the hot-dry season. Blood samples were collected before loading and transport, and at the end of transport. Transportation induced a significant increase （P 〈 0.05） of erythrocytes count, Ht, EOF, Tr, HR and RR by comparison to values observed before transportation. The same stress conditions induced a significant increase （P 〈 0.05） of plasma Cor （ng/mL） and blood Glu （mM） （220 ± 30 vs. 137 ± 20, 9.7 ± 1.2 vs. 6.4 ± 1. 1 respectively） and a significant decrease （P 〈 0.05） of plasma magnesium （mM） （0.5 ± 0.1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.1） comparatively to pre-transportation values. These results indicate that road transportation associated to heat may be considered as a potent stressor which is able to induce several cellular alterations in camels. Further studies of an eventual protective role of vitamin C against haemolysis induced by transportation stress in camel are needed.

Impact of ENSO events on the interannual variability of Hadley circulation extents in boreal winter

The interannual variability of the boreal winter Hadley circulation extents during the period of 1979e2014 and its links to El Ni^no-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) were investigated by using reanalysis datasets. Results showed that the El Ni^no(La Ni^na) events can induce the shrinking(expansion) of Hadley circulation extent in the Southern Hemisphere. For the Northern Hemisphere, El Ni^no(La Ni^na) mainly leads to shrinking(expansion) of the Hadley circulation extent in the middle and lower troposphere and expansion(shrinking) of the Hadley circulation extent in the upper troposphere. The ENSO associated meridional temperature gradients have close relationship with the Hadley circulation extents in both Hemispheres. But in the Northern Hemisphere, the ENSO associated eddy momentum flux divergence plays more important role in affecting the Hadley circulation extent than the meridional temperature gradient because of the small local Rossby number. In the Southern Hemisphere, as the ENSO induced eddy momentum flux divergence is small, the meridional temperature gradient dominates the change of the Hadley circulation extent.

Seasonal discharge and chemical flux variations of rivers flowing into the Bayhead canal of Durban Harbour, South Africa

The u Mhlatuzana, u Mbilo and a Manzimnyama river catchments located on the eastern seaboard of the Kwa Zulu-Natal province, South Africa, form the core of urbanization and industrialization, contributing the only natural freshwater inflows to the Bayhead Canal portion of the Durban Harbour. In this study, seasonal discharges and physico–chemical water properties were used to quantitatively determine the material mass transport capacity of the river systems on the basis of hydrographic inputs and chemical loading from the surrounding land use sectors.The mass transport of the total dissolved solids(TDS),ammonia(NH_4), phosphorous(P), aluminum(Al), calcium(Ca), copper(Cu), chromium(Cr), mercury(Hg), potassium(K), magnesium(Mg), sodium(Na), nickel(Ni), lead(Pb), sulphur(S) and vanadium(V) was determined for each river. Results indicated that land use, seasonality and river flow were significant determinants for the material loading in the rivers and the receiving port waters. The spatio-temporal distribution patterns of chemical fluxes indicated that industrial activity associated with the a Manzimnyama canal contributed the most, with regards to TDS, NH_4, Ca, K, Mg, Na, S and V, loading in both wet and dry seasons, as well as Al, Cu, Hg and Pb during the dry season. Similarly, industrial activity associated with the u Mbilo/u Mhlatuzana Canal at the lower reaches accounted for the highest P, Al, Cu and Pb fluxes in the wet season alone. Fluxes of these parameters are used to explain theobserved elemental concentrations and patterns of the receiving port waters of the Bayhead Canal.

Sensible Heating over the Tibetan Plateau Linked to the Onset of Asian Monsoon

Land surface heating of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays an important role in the Asian Monsoon system. In this study, the interannual variability of the sensible heat flux over the TP and its connection with the summer monsoon intensity and onset date was examined based on the newly released land "reanalysis" data, produced by NASA Global Land Data Assimilation System. Although correlation analyses don't show a significant relevance to the summer monsoon intensity, the interannual anomalies in sensible heating near the south flank of the TP indicate a weak reversal in the relationship with the onset date of the West Pacific East Asian monsoon. A diagnostic study shows that above (below) normal sensible heating over the south flake of the TP will lead to rapid (slow) warming of the upper air column over the TP and early (later) reversal of (overturn) the meridional temperature gradient and the vertical wind shear. This will further lead to an earlier (later) onset of the Asian Monsoon.

Seasonal export fluxes of size-fractionated particulate derived from polonium-210: A case study in Xiamen Bay

Size-fractionated 210Po and 210Pb, in the size fractions >0.4 μm, >2 μm and >10 μm, were examined to determine the seasonal variability of particulate fluxes in Xiamen Bay. Good correlations between 210Po and particulate organic carbon (POC) or non-Particulate Organic Matter (nPOM) suggested that 210Po can be used to trace the export fluxes of POC and nPOM. Both steady-state (SS) model and nSS model were used to evaluate fluxes of size-fractionated 210Po, results showed that nSS model was better than the SS model in coastal areas. Based on the nSS model, size-fractionated POC fluxes decreased with increasing particle size. For the particle size studied, maximum POC fluxes occurred in autumn, followed by spring, winter, and summer. Fluxes of nPOM were an order of magnitude higher than the corresponding size-fractionated POC fluxes. Differences between size-fractionated nPOM fluxes indicated that hydrodynamic conditions were the main factor regulating transportation of particulate out of the inner Bay. In winter most particulates, including >10 μm particles, were transported under the strongest hydrodynamic conditions. In contrast, only a fraction of the <2 μm particulates were transported from the inner Bay in spring. This study suggested that 210Po is a powerful tracer of seasonal particulate export in coastal seas.

Interdecadal variability of the South China Sea monsoon and its relationship with latent heat flux in the Pacific Ocean

We analyzed interdecadal variability of the South China Sea monsoon and its relationship with latent heat flux in the Pacific Ocean, using NCEP wind field and OAFlux heat flux datasets. Results indicate that South China Sea monsoon intensity had an obvious interdecadal variation with a decreasing trend. Variability of the monsoon was significantly correlated with latent heat flux in the Kuroshio area and tropical Pacific Ocean. Variability of latent heat flux in the Kuroshio area had an interdecadal increasing trend, while that in the tropical Pacific Ocean had an interdecadal decreasing trend. Latent heat flux variability in these two sea areas was used to establish a latent heat flux index, which had positive correlation with variability of the South China Sea monsoon. When the latent heat flux was 18 months ahead of the South China Sea monsoon, the correlation coefficient maximized at 0.58 (N=612), with a 99.9% significance level of 0.15. Thus, it is suggested that latent heat flux variability in the two areas contributes greatly to interdecadal variability of the South China Sea monsoon.

The Effects of Estuarine Processes on the Fluxes of Inorganic and Organic Carbon in the Yellow River Estuary

Riverine carbon flux is an important component of the global carbon cycle. The spatial and temporal variations of organic and inorganic carbon were examined during both dry and wet seasons in the Yellow River estuary. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） and dissolved inorganic carbon （DIC） in the Yellow River during dry seasons were higher than those during wet seasons. The effective concentrations of DOC （CDOC＊） were higher than the observed DOC at zero salinity. This input of DOC in the Yellow River estuary was due to sediment desorption processes in low salinity regions. In contrast to DOC, the effective concen- trations of DIC were 10% lower than the DIC measured at freshwater end, and the loss of DIC was caused by CaCO3 precipitation in low salinity region, Particulate organic carbon （POC） and particulate inorganic carbon （PIC） contents of the particles stabilized to constant values （0.5%：t：0.05% and 1.8%--0.2%, respectively） within the turbidity maximum zone （TMZ） and showed no noticeable seasonal variations. A rapid drop of PIC and rise of POC occurred simultaneously outside the TMZ due to an intense dilution of riv- erine inorganic-rich particles being transported into a pool of aquatic organic-poor particles outside the TMZ. Annually, the Yellow River transported 6.95× 10^5 t of DIC, 0.64× 10^5 t of DOC, 78.58× 10^5 t of PIC and 2.29× 10^5 t of POC to the sea.

Effect of Different Winter Cover Crops on Carbon Dioxide Emission in Paddy Field of Double Cropping Rice Area in Southern China

In this study, a two-year experiment was conducted by suing a static chamber method to observe the effects of straw recycling of winter cover crops measure on CO2 emission fluxes in southern China. Three patterns of winter use were performed in the paddy field, including RRR （rice-rice-ryegrass （Lolium multiflorum L.） cropping system）, CRR （rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch （Astragalus sinicus L.） cropping system） and FRR （rice-rice cropping system with winter fallow）. During the winter, the average daily CO2 fluxes were greater （P 〈 0.05） in the RRR and CRR than the FRR. During the winter crop growing seasons, both the average daily CO2 fluxes and the total CO2 emissions were different as the following orders： RRR 〉 CRR 〉 FRR. The average CO2 fluxes during early rice and late rice season were similar. The highest CO2 flux was found at rice tillering stage with an order as the follows： RRR 〉 CRR 〉 FRR and CRR 〉 RRR 〉 FRR both in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The annual CO2 emissions of RRR and CRR were significantly higher respectively by 857.0 g.CO2-C.m2 and 607.4 g.CO2-C.m-2 than the FRR. The results show that straw recycling of winter cover crops measure may strongly influence the CO2 emission in paddy field in southern China.

Impact of Convective Momentum Transport by Deep Convection on Simulation of Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation

This paper focuses on the impacts of convective momentum transport(CMT) on simulations of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation(TIO) in SAMIL. Two sets of experiments are performed, which give different reality of the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO). The Tiedtke cumulus parameterization scheme is used for all experiments. It is found that simulations of the TIO can be influenced by CMT, and the impacts on the simulated TIO depend on the model capability in simulating the MJO. CMT tends to have large influences to the model that can simulate the eastward propagation of the MJO. CMT can further influence the long-term mean of zonal wind and its vertical shear. Zonal wind suffers from easterlies biases at low level and westerlies biases at upper level when CMT is introduced. Such easterlies biases at low level reduce the reality of the simulated tropical intraseasonal oscillation. When CMT is introduced in the model, MJO signals disappear but the model's mean state improves. Therefore, a more appropriate way is needed to introduce CMT to the model to balance the simulated mean state and TIO signals.

安全脚踏木輪運料機

太原建築工程公司第三工區二車间專業隊長劉金田,在去年增產節約競賽運動展開後,積極地想辦法、找竅門,用實際行動響應黨和政府的號召。他看到在建築約三十公尺高的大烟囱工程中,工人們運磚運漿上下盤道很費力,同時由於盤道窄狹,互相碰撞非常危險,而且还供不上砌磚工人使用,影响工程進度。

蔡元定乐律理论中的九进制思想

蔡元定(1135~1198年),字季通,号西山,南宋时期建阳(今属福建)人;精于天文、地理、吕律、象数,著作有《律吕新书》、《大衍详说》等;为朱熹'四大弟子(蔡元定、黄于、刘爚、陈淳)'之首。关于蔡元定从学朱熹的时间,尚有争议。当今学者方彦寿先生所著《朱熹书院与门人考》对此作了考辨,采刘爚在《西山先生墓志铭》所言'乾道间,见文公于崇安,遂师事焉'的说法。~①换言之,蔡元定在1165年或稍后从学于朱熹。