Recent genome studies indicate that tree shrew is in the order or a closest sister of primates,and thus may be one of the best animals to model human diseases.In this paper,we report on a social defeat model of depres...Recent genome studies indicate that tree shrew is in the order or a closest sister of primates,and thus may be one of the best animals to model human diseases.In this paper,we report on a social defeat model of depression in tree shrew（Tupaia belangeri chinensis）.Two male tree shrews were housed in a pair-cage consisting of two independent cages separated by a wire mesh partition with a door connecting the two cages.After one week adaptation,the connecting door was opened and a brief fighting occurs between the two male tree shrews and this social conflict session consisted of 1 h direct conflict（fighting） and 23 h indirect influence（e.g.smell,visual cues） per day for 21 days.The defeated tree shrew was considered the subordinate.Compared with na？ve animals,subordinate tree shrews at the final week of social conflict session showed alterations in body weight,locomotion,avoidance behavior and urinary cortisol levels.Remarkably,these alterations persisted for over two weeks.We also report on a novel captive conditioning model of learning and memory in tree shrew.An automatic trapping cage was placed in a small closed room with a freely-moving tree shrew.For the first four trials,the tree shrew was not trapped when it entered the cage and ate the bait apple,but it was trapped and kept in the cage for 1 h on the fifth trial.Latency was defined as the time between release of the tree shrew and when it entered the captive cage.Latencies during the five trials indicated adaptation.A test trial 24 h later was used to measure whether the one-trial trapping during the fifth trial could form captive memory.Tree shrews showed much longer trapping latencies in the test trial than the adaptation trials.The N-methyl-d-aspartate（NMDA） receptor antagonist MK-801（0.2 mg/kg,i.p.）,known to prevent the formation of memory,did not affect latencies in the adaptation trails,but did block captive memory as it led to much shorter trapping latencies compared to saline treatment in the test trial.These results demonstrate a chronic social defeat model of depression and a novel one-trial captive conditioning model for learning and memory in tree shrews,which are important for mechanism studies of depression,learning,memory,and preclinical evaluation for new antidepressants.展开更多
The effects of zinc deficiency on the serum cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentration,and the cerebrum nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in rats were studied.Growing rats were allotted to three...The effects of zinc deficiency on the serum cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentration,and the cerebrum nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in rats were studied.Growing rats were allotted to three groups,which were zinc deficiency (ZD),paired fed (PF) and zinc supplementation after feeding zinc deficient food for 21 days (ZS).The duration of feed test was 35 days.Compared with PF rats,serum cortisol concentration in ZD ones was significantly increased,whereas serum ACTH concentration and cerebrum NOS activity were significantly decreased.The results suggested that zinc might influence the metabolism of hypothalamic hypophysial adrenocortical axis and NOS.展开更多
To explore the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on the learning and memory function in D-galactose (D-gal)-lesioned mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were injected (s.c.) 2% D-gal for 40 days (100 mg·kg-1&...To explore the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on the learning and memory function in D-galactose (D-gal)-lesioned mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were injected (s.c.) 2% D-gal for 40 days (100 mg·kg-1·d-1). Normal saline, TMP, and Huper-zine A were respectively given by intragastric administration in different groups from the third week. Learning and memory ability was tested with Morris water maze for 5 days at the sixth week. After completion of behavioral test, the mice were sacrificed by decapitation. The brain was rapidly removed, and the cortex and hippocampus were separated. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the cortex were determined. At the same time, the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the binding sites (Bmax) and the affinity (KD) of M-cholinergic receptor in the cortex, and Bmax and KD of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the hippocampus were determined. Results In this model group, (1) The deficit of learning and memory ability, (2) elevated MDA content and lowered SOD activity, (3) decreased AChE activity and M-cholinergic receptor binding sites in the cortex, and (4) lowered NMDA receptor binding sites were observed in the hippocampus, as compared with the normal control. TMP could markedly (1) attenuate cognitive dysfunction, (2) lower MDA content and elevate SOD activity, (3) increase the activity of ChAT and AChE, and M-cholinergic receptor binding sites in the cortex in the mice treated with D-gal. NMDA receptor binding sites were also increased in the hippocampus in the treated mice. Conclusion TMP can significantly strengthen antioxidative function, improve central cholinergic system function, protect NMDA receptor activity, and thus enhance the learning and memory ability in D-gal-lesioned mice.展开更多
Dependence and impairment of learning and memory are two well-established features caused by abused drugs such as opioids. The hippocampus is an important region associated with both drug dependence and learning and m...Dependence and impairment of learning and memory are two well-established features caused by abused drugs such as opioids. The hippocampus is an important region associated with both drug dependence and learning and memory. However, the molecular events in hippocampus following exposure to abused drugs such as opioids are not well understood. Here we examined the effect of chronic morphine treatment on hippocampal protein expression by proteomic analyses. We found that chronic exposure of mice to morphine for 10 days produced robust morphine withdrawal jumping and memory impairment, and also resulted in a significant downregulation of hippocampal protein levels of three metabolic enzymes, including Fe-S protein 1 ofNADH dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase or E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and lactate dehydrogenase 2. Further real-time quantitative PCR analyses confirmed that the levels of the corresponding mRNAs were also remarkably reduced. Consistent with these findings, lower ATP levels and an impaired ability to convert glucose into ATP were also observed in the hippocampus of chronically treated mice. Opioid antagonist naltrexone administrated concomitantly with morphine significantly suppressed morphine withdrawal jumping and reversed the downregulation of these proteins. Acute exposure to morphine also produced robust morphine withdrawal jumping and significant memory impairment, but failed to decrease the expression of these three proteins. Intrahippocampal injection of D-glucose before morphine administration significantly enhanced ATP levels and suppressed morphine withdrawal jumping and memory impairment in acute morphine-treated but not in chronic morphine-treated mice. Intraperitoneal injection of high dose of D-glucose shows a similar effect on morphine-induced withdrawal jumping as the central treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that reduced expression of the three metabolic enzymes in the hippocampus as a result of chronic morphine treatment contributes to the development of drug-induced symptoms such as morphine withdrawal jumping and memory impairment.展开更多
The effect of Batroxobin expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in left temporal ischemic rats with spatial memory disorder was investigated by means of Morri's water maze and immunohistochemical metho...The effect of Batroxobin expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in left temporal ischemic rats with spatial memory disorder was investigated by means of Morri's water maze and immunohistochemical methods. The results showed that the mean reaction time and distance of temporal ischemic rats for searching a goal were significantly longer than those of sham-operated rats and at the same time NCAM expression of left temporal ischemic region was significantly increased. However, the mean reaction time and distance of Batroxobin-treated rats were shorter and they used normal strategies more often and earlier than those of ischemic rats. The number of NCAM immune reactive cells of Batroxobin-treated rats was more than that of ischemic group. In conclusion, Batroxobin can improve spatial memory disorder of temporal ischemic rats and the regulation of the expression of NCAM is probably related to the neuroprotective mechanism.展开更多
Objective To explore the effects of exercise on dentate gyrus （DG） neurogenesis and the ability of learning and memory in hippocampus-lesioned adult rats. Methods Hippocampus lesion was produced by intrabippocampal ...Objective To explore the effects of exercise on dentate gyrus （DG） neurogenesis and the ability of learning and memory in hippocampus-lesioned adult rats. Methods Hippocampus lesion was produced by intrabippocampal microinjection of kainic acid （KA）. Bromodeoxyuridine （BrdU） was used to label dividing cells. Y maze test was used to evaluate the ability of learning and memory. Exercise was conducted in the form of forced running in a motor-driven running wheel. The speed of wheel revolution was regulated at 3 kinds of intensity： lightly running, moderately running, or heavily running. Results Hippocampus lesion could increase the number of BrdU-labeled DG cells, moderately running after lesion could further enhance the number of BrdU-labeled cells and decrease the error number （EN） in Y maze test, while neither lightly running, nor heavily running had such effects. There was a negative correlation between the number of DG BrdU-labeled cells and the EN in the Y maze test after running. Conclusion Moderate exercise could enhance the DG neurogenesis and ameliorate the ability of learning and memory in hippocampus-lesioned rats.展开更多
The effect of Batroxobin on spatial memory disorder of left temporal ischemic rats and the expression of HSP32 and HSP70 were investigated with Morri`s water maze and immunohistochemistry methods. The results show... The effect of Batroxobin on spatial memory disorder of left temporal ischemic rats and the expression of HSP32 and HSP70 were investigated with Morri`s water maze and immunohistochemistry methods. The results showed that the mean reaction time and distance of temporal ischemic rats in searching a goal were significantly longer than those of the sham-operated rats and at the same time HSP32 and HSP70 expression of left temporal ischemic region in rats was significantly increased as compared with the sham-operated rats. However, the mean reaction time and distance of the Batroxobin-treated rats were shorter and they used normal strategies more often and earlier than those of ischemic rats. The number of HSP32 and HSP70 immune reactive cells of Batroxobin-treated rats was also less than that of the ischemic group. In conclusion, Batroxobin can improve spatial memory disorder of temporal ischemic rats; and the down-regulation of the expression of HSP32 and HSP70 is probably related to the attenuation of ischemic injury.展开更多
To solve the problem of convergence to a local optimum in the multi-layer feedforward neural net-work, a new disturbance gradient algorithm is proposed. Through introducing random disturbance into the training process...To solve the problem of convergence to a local optimum in the multi-layer feedforward neural net-work, a new disturbance gradient algorithm is proposed. Through introducing random disturbance into the training process, the algorithm can avoid being trapped into the local optimum. The random disturbance obeys the Boltzmann distribution. The convergence of the algorithm to the global optimum is statistically guaranteed. The application of the algorithm in RoboCup, which is a complex multi-agent system, is dis-cussed. Experiment results illustrate the learning efficiency and generalization ability of the proposed al-gorithm.展开更多
Objective To investigate the ability of Tong Luo Jiu Nao(TLJN)Oral Solution to improve cognitive and gait deficits in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.Methods An intraluminal suture method was used to create a r...Objective To investigate the ability of Tong Luo Jiu Nao(TLJN)Oral Solution to improve cognitive and gait deficits in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.Methods An intraluminal suture method was used to create a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.Experimental animals were divided into4groups:sham surgery,cerebral ischemia model,cerebral ischemia model+low-dose TLJN Oral Solution(150mg/kg),cerebral ischemia model+high-dose TLJN Oral Solution(300mg/kg).After4weeks of drug intervention,water maze and gait analyses were conducted.Brain tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin and used to monitor and calculate the volume ratio of cerebral infarction in each group of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion(pMCAO)rats.Results(1)Gait analyses:TLJN Oral Solution significantly improved the overall gait of the focal cerebral ischemic rat model.The improvement in walking speed might have been achieved by the shortening of the animals’stride time.The shortening of stance time by TLJN in the cerebral ischemic animals might be due to the shortening of brake and propulsion times,while the shortening of stride time by TLJN in the cerebral ischemic animals might have been due to the shortening of stance time and swing time.(2)Water maze navigation test:high-dose TLJN Oral Solution significantly reduced the animals’total swimming distance and duration and increased the proportion of swimming distance and time spent in the target quadrant,suggesting that TLJN significantly improved the cognitive deficit in the animal model.(3)High-dose TLJN significantly reduced the cerebral infarction volume ratio of the pMCAO rats.Conclusion This intraluminal suture method can reliably replicate a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.TLJN Oral Solution improves the gait and cognitive function of the focal cerebral ischemia rat model to various extents.展开更多
Throughout Western music history, pre-existing material has long been the aesthetic core of a new composition. Yet there has never been such an epoch as our time in which using pre-existing material, melodic quotation...Throughout Western music history, pre-existing material has long been the aesthetic core of a new composition. Yet there has never been such an epoch as our time in which using pre-existing material, melodic quotation in particular, features so extensively in works of many of the composers. The aim of this paper is to investigate how the use of quoted tunes in a musical piece operates in an interwoven complex where time and space are of the essence. A quote is able to oscillate perpetually between one’s mental worlds of the memorable past and the imaginative present when it is highlighted enough to be recognizable from its surrounding context. Upon interpreting the use of quotation in various contexts, the aesthetic object, I argue, is the shift from original to quoted music, and vice versa. And listeners can respond aesthetically to the quotation itself even without knowledge of its provenance and textual or referential content.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the effect of behavior training on the learning and memory of young rats with fetal growth restriction (FGR). Methods: The model of FGR was established by passive smoking method to pregnant r...Objective: To investigate the effect of behavior training on the learning and memory of young rats with fetal growth restriction (FGR). Methods: The model of FGR was established by passive smoking method to pregnant rats. The new-born rats were divided into FGR group and normal group, and then randomly subdivided into trained and untrained group respectively. Morris water maze behavior training was performed on postnatal months 2 and 4, then learning and memory abilities of young rats were measured by dark-avoidance testing and step-down testing. Results: In the dark-avoidance and step-down testing, the young rats’ performance of FGR group was worse than that of control group, and the trained group was better than the untrained group significantly. Conclusion: FGR young rats have descended learning and memory abilities. Behavior training could improve the young rats’ learning and memory abilities, especially for the FGR young rats.展开更多
Due to the influence of terrain structure,meteorological conditions and various factors,there are anomalous data in automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast(ADS-B)message.The ADS-B equipment can be used for position...Due to the influence of terrain structure,meteorological conditions and various factors,there are anomalous data in automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast(ADS-B)message.The ADS-B equipment can be used for positioning of general aviation aircraft.Aim to acquire the accurate position information of aircraft and detect anomaly data,the ADS-B anomaly data detection model based on deep learning and difference of Gaussian(DoG)approach is proposed.First,according to the characteristic of ADS-B data,the ADS-B position data are transformed into the coordinate system.And the origin of the coordinate system is set up as the take-off point.Then,based on the kinematic principle,the ADS-B anomaly data can be removed.Moreover,the details of the ADS-B position data can be got by the DoG approach.Finally,the long short-term memory(LSTM)neural network is used to optimize the recurrent neural network(RNN)with severe gradient reduction for processing ADS-B data.The position data of ADS-B are reconstructed by the sequence to sequence(seq2seq)model which is composed of LSTM neural network,and the reconstruction error is used to detect the anomalous data.Based on the real flight data of general aviation aircraft,the simulation results show that the anomaly data can be detected effectively by the proposed method of reconstructing ADS-B data with the seq2seq model,and its running time is reduced.Compared with the RNN,the accuracy of anomaly detection is increased by 2.7%.The performance of the proposed model is better than that of the traditional anomaly detection models.展开更多
With the knowledge that cuckoos and cowbirds lay their eggs parasitically,and that some hosts eject parasitic eggs,ornithologists began to ponder the question of how host females discriminate between a foreign egg and...With the knowledge that cuckoos and cowbirds lay their eggs parasitically,and that some hosts eject parasitic eggs,ornithologists began to ponder the question of how host females discriminate between a foreign egg and their own eggs,wondering how hosts 'know' which egg to remove.Results of one of the rst uncontrolled experiments were inappropriately interpreted to imply ejection was based on discordancy,with hosts simply ejecting the egg in the minority,or the 'odd-looking' egg.Controlled experiments eventually revealed that hosts rst learn the appearance of own their eggs and discriminate between them and any odd egg in their nest,regardless of which egg type is in the minority.Recent work has shown that discordancy may play a role in discrimination by males mated successively with females that lay polymorphic eggs.We examine the details of the early experiments,in light of recent advances in studies of egg recognition.An ability to recognize eggs also has been extended,implicitly,to include obligate brood parasites,as it underlies several hypotheses in explanation of the behavior of parasites toward their hosts.Egg recognition in parasites,however,has not been experimentally con rmed,nor has a mechanism been identi ed by which parasites could discriminate between their own eggs and the other eggs in a nest.We review hypotheses(parasite competition,egg removal and multiple parasitism,ma a,farming) that require the ability of obligate brood parasites to discriminate eggs at di erent levels and the potential mechanisms used by parasites to recognize their own eggs and suggest experiments to test for egg discrimination.An assessment of the egg recognition ability of parasites is germane to our understanding of how parasites counteract defenses of hosts.展开更多
基金supported by grants KSCX2-EW-R-12 and KSCX2-EW-J-23 from the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Recent genome studies indicate that tree shrew is in the order or a closest sister of primates,and thus may be one of the best animals to model human diseases.In this paper,we report on a social defeat model of depression in tree shrew（Tupaia belangeri chinensis）.Two male tree shrews were housed in a pair-cage consisting of two independent cages separated by a wire mesh partition with a door connecting the two cages.After one week adaptation,the connecting door was opened and a brief fighting occurs between the two male tree shrews and this social conflict session consisted of 1 h direct conflict（fighting） and 23 h indirect influence（e.g.smell,visual cues） per day for 21 days.The defeated tree shrew was considered the subordinate.Compared with na？ve animals,subordinate tree shrews at the final week of social conflict session showed alterations in body weight,locomotion,avoidance behavior and urinary cortisol levels.Remarkably,these alterations persisted for over two weeks.We also report on a novel captive conditioning model of learning and memory in tree shrew.An automatic trapping cage was placed in a small closed room with a freely-moving tree shrew.For the first four trials,the tree shrew was not trapped when it entered the cage and ate the bait apple,but it was trapped and kept in the cage for 1 h on the fifth trial.Latency was defined as the time between release of the tree shrew and when it entered the captive cage.Latencies during the five trials indicated adaptation.A test trial 24 h later was used to measure whether the one-trial trapping during the fifth trial could form captive memory.Tree shrews showed much longer trapping latencies in the test trial than the adaptation trials.The N-methyl-d-aspartate（NMDA） receptor antagonist MK-801（0.2 mg/kg,i.p.）,known to prevent the formation of memory,did not affect latencies in the adaptation trails,but did block captive memory as it led to much shorter trapping latencies compared to saline treatment in the test trial.These results demonstrate a chronic social defeat model of depression and a novel one-trial captive conditioning model for learning and memory in tree shrews,which are important for mechanism studies of depression,learning,memory,and preclinical evaluation for new antidepressants.
基金SupportedbyNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No 3970 0 12 0 )andbyNationalEducationMinistrygrants (No A9410 7)
文摘The effects of zinc deficiency on the serum cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentration,and the cerebrum nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in rats were studied.Growing rats were allotted to three groups,which were zinc deficiency (ZD),paired fed (PF) and zinc supplementation after feeding zinc deficient food for 21 days (ZS).The duration of feed test was 35 days.Compared with PF rats,serum cortisol concentration in ZD ones was significantly increased,whereas serum ACTH concentration and cerebrum NOS activity were significantly decreased.The results suggested that zinc might influence the metabolism of hypothalamic hypophysial adrenocortical axis and NOS.
文摘To explore the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on the learning and memory function in D-galactose (D-gal)-lesioned mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were injected (s.c.) 2% D-gal for 40 days (100 mg·kg-1·d-1). Normal saline, TMP, and Huper-zine A were respectively given by intragastric administration in different groups from the third week. Learning and memory ability was tested with Morris water maze for 5 days at the sixth week. After completion of behavioral test, the mice were sacrificed by decapitation. The brain was rapidly removed, and the cortex and hippocampus were separated. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the cortex were determined. At the same time, the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the binding sites (Bmax) and the affinity (KD) of M-cholinergic receptor in the cortex, and Bmax and KD of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the hippocampus were determined. Results In this model group, (1) The deficit of learning and memory ability, (2) elevated MDA content and lowered SOD activity, (3) decreased AChE activity and M-cholinergic receptor binding sites in the cortex, and (4) lowered NMDA receptor binding sites were observed in the hippocampus, as compared with the normal control. TMP could markedly (1) attenuate cognitive dysfunction, (2) lower MDA content and elevate SOD activity, (3) increase the activity of ChAT and AChE, and M-cholinergic receptor binding sites in the cortex in the mice treated with D-gal. NMDA receptor binding sites were also increased in the hippocampus in the treated mice. Conclusion TMP can significantly strengthen antioxidative function, improve central cholinergic system function, protect NMDA receptor activity, and thus enhance the learning and memory ability in D-gal-lesioned mice.
基金Acknowledgments We thank Dr Boja Emily S （NHLBI, NIH, USA） for expert technical assistance in mass spectrometry analyses, and our colleagues Drs Bin Lu, Zhao-Qiu Wu for helpful comments. This work was supported by a National Basic Research Program grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China （G2003CB515401）, National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30425002） and a fund supported by the ＂100 Talents Project＂ of Chinese Academy of Sciences （J-G Liu）.
文摘Dependence and impairment of learning and memory are two well-established features caused by abused drugs such as opioids. The hippocampus is an important region associated with both drug dependence and learning and memory. However, the molecular events in hippocampus following exposure to abused drugs such as opioids are not well understood. Here we examined the effect of chronic morphine treatment on hippocampal protein expression by proteomic analyses. We found that chronic exposure of mice to morphine for 10 days produced robust morphine withdrawal jumping and memory impairment, and also resulted in a significant downregulation of hippocampal protein levels of three metabolic enzymes, including Fe-S protein 1 ofNADH dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase or E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and lactate dehydrogenase 2. Further real-time quantitative PCR analyses confirmed that the levels of the corresponding mRNAs were also remarkably reduced. Consistent with these findings, lower ATP levels and an impaired ability to convert glucose into ATP were also observed in the hippocampus of chronically treated mice. Opioid antagonist naltrexone administrated concomitantly with morphine significantly suppressed morphine withdrawal jumping and reversed the downregulation of these proteins. Acute exposure to morphine also produced robust morphine withdrawal jumping and significant memory impairment, but failed to decrease the expression of these three proteins. Intrahippocampal injection of D-glucose before morphine administration significantly enhanced ATP levels and suppressed morphine withdrawal jumping and memory impairment in acute morphine-treated but not in chronic morphine-treated mice. Intraperitoneal injection of high dose of D-glucose shows a similar effect on morphine-induced withdrawal jumping as the central treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that reduced expression of the three metabolic enzymes in the hippocampus as a result of chronic morphine treatment contributes to the development of drug-induced symptoms such as morphine withdrawal jumping and memory impairment.
文摘The effect of Batroxobin expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in left temporal ischemic rats with spatial memory disorder was investigated by means of Morri's water maze and immunohistochemical methods. The results showed that the mean reaction time and distance of temporal ischemic rats for searching a goal were significantly longer than those of sham-operated rats and at the same time NCAM expression of left temporal ischemic region was significantly increased. However, the mean reaction time and distance of Batroxobin-treated rats were shorter and they used normal strategies more often and earlier than those of ischemic rats. The number of NCAM immune reactive cells of Batroxobin-treated rats was more than that of ischemic group. In conclusion, Batroxobin can improve spatial memory disorder of temporal ischemic rats and the regulation of the expression of NCAM is probably related to the neuroprotective mechanism.
文摘Objective To explore the effects of exercise on dentate gyrus （DG） neurogenesis and the ability of learning and memory in hippocampus-lesioned adult rats. Methods Hippocampus lesion was produced by intrabippocampal microinjection of kainic acid （KA）. Bromodeoxyuridine （BrdU） was used to label dividing cells. Y maze test was used to evaluate the ability of learning and memory. Exercise was conducted in the form of forced running in a motor-driven running wheel. The speed of wheel revolution was regulated at 3 kinds of intensity： lightly running, moderately running, or heavily running. Results Hippocampus lesion could increase the number of BrdU-labeled DG cells, moderately running after lesion could further enhance the number of BrdU-labeled cells and decrease the error number （EN） in Y maze test, while neither lightly running, nor heavily running had such effects. There was a negative correlation between the number of DG BrdU-labeled cells and the EN in the Y maze test after running. Conclusion Moderate exercise could enhance the DG neurogenesis and ameliorate the ability of learning and memory in hippocampus-lesioned rats.
文摘 The effect of Batroxobin on spatial memory disorder of left temporal ischemic rats and the expression of HSP32 and HSP70 were investigated with Morri`s water maze and immunohistochemistry methods. The results showed that the mean reaction time and distance of temporal ischemic rats in searching a goal were significantly longer than those of the sham-operated rats and at the same time HSP32 and HSP70 expression of left temporal ischemic region in rats was significantly increased as compared with the sham-operated rats. However, the mean reaction time and distance of the Batroxobin-treated rats were shorter and they used normal strategies more often and earlier than those of ischemic rats. The number of HSP32 and HSP70 immune reactive cells of Batroxobin-treated rats was also less than that of the ischemic group. In conclusion, Batroxobin can improve spatial memory disorder of temporal ischemic rats; and the down-regulation of the expression of HSP32 and HSP70 is probably related to the attenuation of ischemic injury.
文摘To solve the problem of convergence to a local optimum in the multi-layer feedforward neural net-work, a new disturbance gradient algorithm is proposed. Through introducing random disturbance into the training process, the algorithm can avoid being trapped into the local optimum. The random disturbance obeys the Boltzmann distribution. The convergence of the algorithm to the global optimum is statistically guaranteed. The application of the algorithm in RoboCup, which is a complex multi-agent system, is dis-cussed. Experiment results illustrate the learning efficiency and generalization ability of the proposed al-gorithm.
基金funding support from the National Major New Drug Development Program (2015ZX09501004-003-002)A project of the International S&T Cooperation Program of China, 2011DFA32730
文摘Objective To investigate the ability of Tong Luo Jiu Nao(TLJN)Oral Solution to improve cognitive and gait deficits in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.Methods An intraluminal suture method was used to create a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.Experimental animals were divided into4groups:sham surgery,cerebral ischemia model,cerebral ischemia model+low-dose TLJN Oral Solution(150mg/kg),cerebral ischemia model+high-dose TLJN Oral Solution(300mg/kg).After4weeks of drug intervention,water maze and gait analyses were conducted.Brain tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin and used to monitor and calculate the volume ratio of cerebral infarction in each group of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion(pMCAO)rats.Results(1)Gait analyses:TLJN Oral Solution significantly improved the overall gait of the focal cerebral ischemic rat model.The improvement in walking speed might have been achieved by the shortening of the animals’stride time.The shortening of stance time by TLJN in the cerebral ischemic animals might be due to the shortening of brake and propulsion times,while the shortening of stride time by TLJN in the cerebral ischemic animals might have been due to the shortening of stance time and swing time.(2)Water maze navigation test:high-dose TLJN Oral Solution significantly reduced the animals’total swimming distance and duration and increased the proportion of swimming distance and time spent in the target quadrant,suggesting that TLJN significantly improved the cognitive deficit in the animal model.(3)High-dose TLJN significantly reduced the cerebral infarction volume ratio of the pMCAO rats.Conclusion This intraluminal suture method can reliably replicate a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.TLJN Oral Solution improves the gait and cognitive function of the focal cerebral ischemia rat model to various extents.
文摘Throughout Western music history, pre-existing material has long been the aesthetic core of a new composition. Yet there has never been such an epoch as our time in which using pre-existing material, melodic quotation in particular, features so extensively in works of many of the composers. The aim of this paper is to investigate how the use of quoted tunes in a musical piece operates in an interwoven complex where time and space are of the essence. A quote is able to oscillate perpetually between one’s mental worlds of the memorable past and the imaginative present when it is highlighted enough to be recognizable from its surrounding context. Upon interpreting the use of quotation in various contexts, the aesthetic object, I argue, is the shift from original to quoted music, and vice versa. And listeners can respond aesthetically to the quotation itself even without knowledge of its provenance and textual or referential content.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30471826)
文摘Objective: To investigate the effect of behavior training on the learning and memory of young rats with fetal growth restriction (FGR). Methods: The model of FGR was established by passive smoking method to pregnant rats. The new-born rats were divided into FGR group and normal group, and then randomly subdivided into trained and untrained group respectively. Morris water maze behavior training was performed on postnatal months 2 and 4, then learning and memory abilities of young rats were measured by dark-avoidance testing and step-down testing. Results: In the dark-avoidance and step-down testing, the young rats’ performance of FGR group was worse than that of control group, and the trained group was better than the untrained group significantly. Conclusion: FGR young rats have descended learning and memory abilities. Behavior training could improve the young rats’ learning and memory abilities, especially for the FGR young rats.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018AAA0100804)the Talent Project of Revitalization Liaoning(No.XLYC1907022)+5 种基金the Key R&D Projects of Liaoning Province(No.2020JH2/10100045)the Capacity Building of Civil Aviation Safety(No.TMSA1614)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.2019-MS-251)the Scientific Research Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(Nos.L201705,L201716)the High-Level Innovation Talent Project of Shenyang(No.RC190030)the Second Young and Middle-Aged Talents Support Program of Shenyang Aerospace University.
文摘Due to the influence of terrain structure,meteorological conditions and various factors,there are anomalous data in automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast(ADS-B)message.The ADS-B equipment can be used for positioning of general aviation aircraft.Aim to acquire the accurate position information of aircraft and detect anomaly data,the ADS-B anomaly data detection model based on deep learning and difference of Gaussian(DoG)approach is proposed.First,according to the characteristic of ADS-B data,the ADS-B position data are transformed into the coordinate system.And the origin of the coordinate system is set up as the take-off point.Then,based on the kinematic principle,the ADS-B anomaly data can be removed.Moreover,the details of the ADS-B position data can be got by the DoG approach.Finally,the long short-term memory(LSTM)neural network is used to optimize the recurrent neural network(RNN)with severe gradient reduction for processing ADS-B data.The position data of ADS-B are reconstructed by the sequence to sequence(seq2seq)model which is composed of LSTM neural network,and the reconstruction error is used to detect the anomalous data.Based on the real flight data of general aviation aircraft,the simulation results show that the anomaly data can be detected effectively by the proposed method of reconstructing ADS-B data with the seq2seq model,and its running time is reduced.Compared with the RNN,the accuracy of anomaly detection is increased by 2.7%.The performance of the proposed model is better than that of the traditional anomaly detection models.
基金funded chiefly by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
文摘With the knowledge that cuckoos and cowbirds lay their eggs parasitically,and that some hosts eject parasitic eggs,ornithologists began to ponder the question of how host females discriminate between a foreign egg and their own eggs,wondering how hosts 'know' which egg to remove.Results of one of the rst uncontrolled experiments were inappropriately interpreted to imply ejection was based on discordancy,with hosts simply ejecting the egg in the minority,or the 'odd-looking' egg.Controlled experiments eventually revealed that hosts rst learn the appearance of own their eggs and discriminate between them and any odd egg in their nest,regardless of which egg type is in the minority.Recent work has shown that discordancy may play a role in discrimination by males mated successively with females that lay polymorphic eggs.We examine the details of the early experiments,in light of recent advances in studies of egg recognition.An ability to recognize eggs also has been extended,implicitly,to include obligate brood parasites,as it underlies several hypotheses in explanation of the behavior of parasites toward their hosts.Egg recognition in parasites,however,has not been experimentally con rmed,nor has a mechanism been identi ed by which parasites could discriminate between their own eggs and the other eggs in a nest.We review hypotheses(parasite competition,egg removal and multiple parasitism,ma a,farming) that require the ability of obligate brood parasites to discriminate eggs at di erent levels and the potential mechanisms used by parasites to recognize their own eggs and suggest experiments to test for egg discrimination.An assessment of the egg recognition ability of parasites is germane to our understanding of how parasites counteract defenses of hosts.
