清末苏州学制演变析论

清末新式学校教育制度是随着科举制的改革和废除应运而生的。它既已不再属于旧的封建教育体系,但也很难说就是一种纯粹的资本主义教育制度,而是介于“新”与“旧”之间,兼有近代和中世纪双重特征的一种教育制度。后来的比较完全意义上的中国资本主义学校教育制度,正是由这种新旧合一、中西混杂的特殊“过渡型”学校教育制度演变而成。本文拟通过具体剖析清末苏州学制演变,为把握中国近代化过程中学校制度的流转变迁提供一个典例,并借以深化我们对中国近代国情的认识。

试论教育社团与我国近代学制的演变

我国近代学制的演变不仅是当时政治经济情势的发展使然 ,而且也是近代教育社团的努力所致。在某种意义上 ,正是近代各教育社团不遗余力的推动 ,直接导致了清末《癸卯学制》的修正、民初《壬子癸丑学制》的终结和《壬戍学制》的颁行。以往那种将我国近代学制的演变仅仅归因于当时政治经济情势的观点和作法 。

中印教育发展的若干比较

在教育领域,中印两国无论在改革学校制度、普及初等教育、扫除成人文盲、实行中等教育分流、培训学校教师还是变革高等教育收费或提高高等教育质量等方面,有许多类似和可比之处。本文主要从学制演变、包括普及初等教育和扫除文盲在内的全民教育、高等教育收费及学生资助等方面对中印教育发展作一比较研究。

中美义务教育制度发展史比较

义务教育制度在中国到近代才开始逐步受到关注并基本建立起来,其发展历程也随着近代中国社会的跌宕起伏而变化,直到建国后中国的义务教育制度才进入稳定的发展时期。而美国从独立到现在义务教育制度经历了从无到有再到逐步完善的迅速发展历程。文章将对中美两国义务教育制度发展史上各自在学制演变、经费筹措和师资培养三个方面的发展过程进行描述,通过比较归纳出两国义务教育制度发展过程的区别及相似之处。

浅析清末民国时期徒手体操的发展

本文按年份收集并整理出清朝末年至民国时期的中小学体操类教材，基于清朝末年与民国时期的社会历史背景（社会、政治、经济、文化、教育、学制）分析以下内容：徒手体操运动的内容设置，徒手体操运动的教学方法，徒手体操动作的难易程度，徒手体操教学的目标。

《初中学校教育评估指标研究》评述

2013年8月,《教育评估文库》又增添了一部新书——《初中学校教育评估指标研究》。"教育评估文库"由上海市教育评估院组织编写。为此,上海市教育评估院组织了有关学校评估的十个研究项目。由瞿钧领衔的课题组对初中学校开展教育评估的指标体系进行了全面研究,本书是他们的研究成果之一。

Effects of minor Sc and Zr additions on mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of Al−Zn−Mg−Cu alloys

The effects of minor Sc and Zr additions on the mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of Al Zn Mg Cu alloys were studied using tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ultimate tensile strength of the peak-aged Al Zn Mg Cu alloy is improved by about 105 MPa with the addition of 0.10% Zr. An increase of about 133 MPa is observed with the joint addition of 0.07% Sc and 0.07% Zr. For the alloys modified with the minor addition of Sc and Zr (0.14%), the main strengthening mechanisms of minor addition of Sc and Zr are fine-grain strengthening, sub-structure strengthening and the Orowan strengthening mechanism produced by the Al3(Sc,Zr) and Al3Zr dispersoids. The volume of Al3Zr particles is less than that of Al3(Sc,Zr) particles, but the distribution of Al3(Sc,Zr) particles is more dispersed throughout the matrix leading to pinning the dislocations motion and restraining the recrystallization more effectively.

Effect of Cu on microstructure,mechanical properties,and texture evolution of ZK60 alloy fabricated by hot extrusion−shearing process

As-cast Mg-6Zn-xCu-0.6Zr(x=0,0.5,1.0,wt.%)alloys were fabricated by permanent mold casting;then,the alloys were subjected to homogenization heat treatment and extrusion-shearing(ES)process.The microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys were evaluated by OM,SEM/EDS,XRD,TEM,EBSD and tensile tests.The results show that the hard MgZnCu phase in Cu-added alloy can strengthen particle-stimulated nucleation(PSN)effect and hinder the migration of dynamic recrystallization(DRX)grain boundary at an elevated temperature during ES.The ZK60+0.5Cu alloy shows an optimal tensile strength–ductility combination(UTS of 396 MPa,YS of 313 MPa,andδ=20.3%)owing to strong grain boundary strengthening and improvement of Schmid factor for{0001}■basal slip.The aggregation of microvoids around the MgZnCu phase mainly accounts for the lower tensile elongation of ZK60+1.0Cu alloy compared with ZK60 alloy.

The bond evolution mechanism of covalent sulfurized carbon during electrochemical sodium storage process

The excellent energy storage performance of covalent sulfur-carbon material has gradually attracted great interest. However, in the electrochemical sodium storage process, the bond evolution mechanism remains an elusive topic. Herein, we develop a one-step annealing strategy to achieve a high covalent sulfur-carbon bridged hybrid(HCSC)utilizing phenylphosphinic acid as the carbon-source/catalyst and sodium sulfate as the sulfur-precursor/salt template, in which the sulfur mainly exists in the forms of C–S–C and C–S–S–C. Notably, most of the bridge bonds are electrochemically cleaved when the cycling voltage is lower than0.6 V versus Na/Na+, leading to the appearance of two visible redox peaks in the following cyclic voltammogram(CV) tests.The in-situ and ex-situ characterizations demonstrate that S^2- is formed in the reduction process and the carbon skeleton is concomitantly and irreversibly isomerized. Thus, the cleaved sulfur and isomerized carbon could jointly contribute to the sodium storage in 0.01–3.0 V. In a Na-S battery system, the activated HCSC in cut off voltage window of 0.6–2.8 V achieves a high reversible capacity(770 mA h g^-1 at 300 mA g^-1). This insight reveals the charge storage mechanism of sulfur-carbon bridged hybrid and provides an improved enlightenment on the interfacial chemistry of electrode materials.

Understanding the evolution of learning by explicitly modeling learning mechanisms

Models of the evolution of learning often assume that learning leads to the best solution to any task, and disregard the details of the learning and decision-making process along with its potential pitfalls. These models therefore do not explain in- stances in the animal behavior literature in which learning leads to maladaptive behaviors. In recent years a growing number of theoretical studies use explicit models of learning mechanisms, offering a fresh perspective on the issue by revealing the dynam- ics of information acquisition and biases arising from it. These models have pointed out possible learning rules and their adaptive value, and shown that the value of learning may crucially depend on such factors as the layout of the physical environment to be learned, the structure of the payoffs offered by different alternatives, the risk of failure, characteristics of the learner and social interactions. This review considers the merits of explicit modeling in studying the evolution of learning, describes the kinds of results that can only be obtained from this modeling approach, and outlines directions for future research .