对两江师范学堂图画手工选科毕业生人数及学制问题的新证

李瑞清于1906年在两江师范学堂创设了图画手工选科,开启了中国近代高等美术教育的序幕,但是目前学界关于图画手工选科的学生数量和班级变更等问题上的研究却存在诸多分歧,比如在图画手工选科学生数量上就有三种不同的说法。之所以产生这些分歧,主要是由于研究材料的使用和对图画手工选科学制设置不够清楚,通过对多种文献资料的辨别,对这些分歧问题可以做出清晰的解答。

Quantum Dots for Cancer Research:Current Status,Remaining Issues,and Future Perspectives

Cancer is a major threat to public health in the 21st century because it is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.The mechanisms of carcinogenesis,cancer invasion,and metastasis remain unclear.Thus,the development of a novel approach for cancer detection is urgent,and real-time monitoring is crucial in revealing its underlying biological mechanisms.With the optical and chemical advantages of quantum dots(QDs),QD-based nanotechnology is helpful in constructing a biomedical imaging platform for cancer behavior study.This review mainly focuses on the application of QD-based nanotechnology in cancer cell imaging and tumor microenvironment studies both in vivo and in vitro,as well as the remaining issues and future perspectives.

A Controller-Based Architecture for Information Centric Network Construction and Topology management

Information-Centric Networking(ICN) has recently emerged as a result of the increased demand to access contents regardless of their location in the network services. This new approach facilitates content distribution as a service of the network with lower delay and higher security in comparison with the current IP network. Applying ICN in current IP infrastructure leads to major complexities. One approach to deploy ICN with less complexity is to integrate ICN with Software Defined Networking(SDN). The SDN controller manages the content distribution, caching, and routing based on the users' requests. In this paper, we extend these context by addressing the ICN topology management problem over the SDN network to achieve an improved user experience as well as network performance. In particular, a centralized controller is designed to construct and manage the ICN overlay. Experimental results indicate that this adopted topology management strategy achieves high performance, in terms of low failure in interest satisfaction and reduced download time compared to a plain ICN.

A Tentative Analysis of the Use of Potential by Commercial Bank in Controlling Credit Scale

This article brings forward the conception of potential and filed potential in bank's competition under the inspiration of law of electric current in electrodynamics. It discusses the impact of potential shifting on commercial bank's credit scale and builds up a model for commercial bank to control the scale by credit pricing and risk policy in a dynamic way, and also gives some advice to domestic commercial bank for improving loan business, aiming to settle down the existing credit management problems.

Diagrams Produced by Secondary Students in Multiplicative Comparison Word Problems

We investigated the use of diagrams in multiplicative comparison word problems. The diagrams have been considered as one of the effective heuristic strategies or solving math problems. However, how students use during their school and the degree development that shows in their performance when applied to specific fields of knowledge is a task to be elucidated. We place our study in the school stage in which it makes the transition from arithmetic to algebra and arithmetic problems we focus on in the underlying multiplicative comparison scheme. In this paper, we analyzed the responses of high school students to the translation of multiplicative comparison word problems to representation graphs. We have used the responses of 12 -14 year old students （freshman year of secondary school） to represent multiplicative comparison word problems to identify and categorize the students responses, which allowed us identify categories for each type of representation and hypothesize priority order and subordination between the categories. Results show that students are not familiar with building diagrams that integrate existing relations in word problems. Most of the students do not use all the quantitative information contained in the word problem, therefore draw diagrams referring to the subject or context of the problem without relating to the data in it. We describe in detail the quantitative diagram types produced by these students. We have identified four kinds of quantitative diagrams that the students used to represent the multiplicative comparison problems with inconsistent statements, and these diagrams correspond to the four strategies for tackling the construction of the diagram.

Communicating Geologically-Underpinned Issues： Drivers and Mechanisms

Geologists can offer key insights in regard to several high profile environmental issues that are faced today. At the same time, like scientists in most other disciplines, many geologists are not naturally adept at communicating in an effective manner with non-geologists. This paper firstly identifies the more subtle facets of topical major issues （the drivers） where geologists can contribute important perspectives. Next, the detractions to effective communication are identified, along with the recommended means to overcome them （the mechanisms）. Many topical issues are in fact geologically-underpinned （e.g. obviously, geohazards）, so geologists ought to have something meaningful to say. By the same token, if geologists have difficulty communicating with other scientists, how can they possibly hope to communicate with journalists and with the public at large？ Proper scientific contextualization is an ideal starting point, but this fundamental framing step does not always suit protagonists who have non-scientific agendas. Thus, geologists not only have to convey their science （geology） in an understandable way, but to do so in a truly effective manner must recognize and take into account possible predispositions that their audience may have.

A novel interactive preferential evolutionary method for controller tuning in chemical processes

In response to many multi-attribute decision-making(MADM)problems involved in chemical processes such as controller tuning,which suffer human's subjective preferential nature in human–computer interactions,a novel affective computing and preferential evolutionary solution is proposed to adapt human–computer interaction mechanism.Based on the stimulating response mechanism,an improved affective computing model is introduced to quantify decision maker's preference in selections of interactive evolutionary computing.In addition,the mathematical relationship between affective space and decision maker's preferences is constructed.Subsequently,a human–computer interactive preferential evolutionary algorithm for MADM problems is proposed,which deals with attribute weights and optimal solutions based on preferential evolution metrics.To exemplify applications of the proposed methods,some test functions and,emphatically,controller tuning issues associated with a chemical process are investigated,giving satisfactory results.

Comparative Analysis for Different Mathematical Models in Electron Optics

The comparative analysis of modem mathematical models for 3D problems in electron optics is presented. The new approach to solve the electron optics problems in three dimensions is presented. It is based on the principal ray method suggested by G. Grinberg in 1948. That perspective approach was not realized before for full three-dimensional electron optic systems, probably because of the complexity of its mathematical apparatus. We describe the analytical technique of the BEM （boundary element method） for the field evaluation, and 3rd order aberration expansion for the trajectory analysis. The first version of such computer code ＂OPTICS-3＂ and some results of numerical simulations with this code were presented.

Information on a New Field of Knowledge： Metallurgical Econology

A new branch of science called econology is being defined and shortly characterized as studying the economics-ecology-energy associations （3E or E3 associations）. In the future, this must be transformed into tehnology （T）-economy-energy-ecology, so that the symbol of the econology shall be TE3. Being a new field, it becomes necessary to define and characterize the specific methodological tools. That＇s why the paper examines the following indices： （1） specific consumption of primary carbon; （2） specific consumption of primary negentropy; （3） reintegration rate of secondary materials and energy. Also, the following issues are presented： （1） the indirect pollution mechanism in metallurgy; （2） analysis of pollution issues by principle ＂think globally, act locally＂.

Generation of Complex Matrices Belonging to Matrix Groups with Controlled Condition Number

The authors study the generation of matrices with complex entries belonging to some matrix groups, mainly those that are defined by a scalar product space. These matrices have useful applications in quantum mechanical problems and complex control problems. In this work, the authors try to generate matrices such that： （1） the condition number of these types of matrices is controlled and （2） The algorithm used to generate these matrices preserves their structure.

成人高等教育学籍管理探讨

通过分析当前成人高等教育学籍管理中存在的问题，提出改革和完善学籍管理的办法，使成人教育更加适应社会主义市场经济，为社会培养更多的合格人才。

The renaissance of continuum mechanics

Continuum mechanics, just as the name implies, deals with the mechanics problems of all continua, whose physical （or mechanical） properties are assumed to vary continuously in the spaces they occupy. Continuum mechanics may be seen as the symbol of modem mechanics, which differs greatly from current physics, the two often being mixed up by people and even sci- entists. In this short paper, I will first try to give an illustration on the differences between （modem） mechanics and physics, in my personal view, and then focus on some important current research activities in continuum mechanics, attempting to identify its path to the near future. We can see that continuum mechanics, while having a dominating impact on engineering design in the 20th century, also plays a pivotal role in modem science, and is much closer to physics, chemistry, biology, etc. than ever before.

A novel policy iteration based deterministic Q-learning for discrete-time nonlinear systems

In this paper, a novel iterative Q-learning algorithm, called "policy iteration based deterministic Qlearning algorithm", is developed to solve the optimal control problems for discrete-time deterministic nonlinear systems. The idea is to use an iterative adaptive dynamic programming(ADP) technique to construct the iterative control law which optimizes the iterative Q function. When the optimal Q function is obtained, the optimal control law can be achieved by directly minimizing the optimal Q function, where the mathematical model of the system is not necessary. Convergence property is analyzed to show that the iterative Q function is monotonically non-increasing and converges to the solution of the optimality equation. It is also proven that any of the iterative control laws is a stable control law. Neural networks are employed to implement the policy iteration based deterministic Q-learning algorithm, by approximating the iterative Q function and the iterative control law, respectively. Finally, two simulation examples are presented to illustrate the performance of the developed algorithm.

An Inverse Problem of Identifying the Radiative Coefficient in a Degenerate Parabolic Equation

The authors investigate an inverse problem of determining the radiative coefficient in a degenerate parabolic equation from the final overspecified data. Being different from other inverse coefficient problems in which the principle coefficients are assumed to be strictly positive definite, the mathematical model discussed in this paper belongs to the second order parabolic equations with non-negative characteristic form, namely, there exists a degeneracy on the lateral boundaries of the domain. Based on the optimal control framework, the problem is transformed into an optimization problem and the existence of the minimizer is established. After the necessary conditions which must be satisfied by the minimizer are deduced, the uniqueness and stability of the minimizer are proved. By minor modification of the cost functional and some a priori regularity conditions imposed on the forward operator, the convergence of the minimizer for the noisy input data is obtained in this paper. The results can be extended to more general degenerate parabolic equations.

Generic Issues on Broad-Scale Soil Monitoring Schemes: A Review

Numerous scientific challenges arise when designing a soil monitoring network (SMN), especially when assessing large areas and several properties that are driven by numerous controlling factors of various origins and scales. Different broad approaches to the establishment of SMNs are distinguished. It is essential to establish an adequate sampling protocol that can be applied rigorously at each sampling location and time. We make recommendations regarding the within-site sampling of soil. Different statistical methods should be associated with the different types of sampling design. We review new statistical methods that account for different sources of uncertainty. Except for those parameters for which a consensus exists, the question of testing method harmonisation remains a very difficult issue. The establishment of benchmark sites devoted to harmonisation and inter-calibration is advocated as a technical solution. However, to our present knowledge, no study has addressed crucial scientific issues such as how many calibration sites are necessary and how to locate them.

Problem-Based L2 Learning: Self-Negotiated Linguistic Cognition

The existing literature has revealed that Problem-based Learning （PBL） can improve the cognitive competence of learners, but few studies focus on L2 learning from the perspective of students, or on the relationship between PBL and linguistic cognition. Based on students＇ reflective journals, the researcher＇s observation notes, and interviews with teachers and students, this case study describes the individual and collective self-negotiations during a Problem-Based L2 Learning （PBLL） practice of 157 non-English majors at three universities in Beijing. The current study makes a distinction between surface and deep self-negotiations, and confirms the conception of the self-negotiated L2 cognition of PBLL learners. The research results show （1） that the self-negotiation is a consistent feature of PBLL because the whole PBLL process comprises the cyclic intertwining of individual and collective self-negotiations, （2） that L2 learners manage to achieve individual and collective self-negotiations through cognitive mechanisms of linking, riffling and converging, and （3） that deep self-negotiations in PBLL are more dynamic, interactive, and generative. Pedagogical implications, research limitations, and future directions are also discussed.