The paper first presents the translation of Hebrew Genesis entitled At the Start... Genesis Made New. The new version belongs to the field of ethno-poetics. It intends to take today＇s listener/reader back in time by ...The paper first presents the translation of Hebrew Genesis entitled At the Start... Genesis Made New. The new version belongs to the field of ethno-poetics. It intends to take today＇s listener/reader back in time by capturing the characteristics of the original Hebrew and expressing them through the medium of modern English. If translations may be said to reflect archaeological layers of social history, At the Start... Genesis Made New attempts to dig down with the purpose of reaching the deepest layer： critical analysis of terminology in the Garden of Eden story provides insights into the primitive Hebrew society that invented this particular myth more than 3,000 years ago. The paper also looks at the same story as translated in the Revised Standard Version, first published as the Authorised Version or King James Bible in 1661, and The New English Bible published in 1961. Different world views characteristic of European society in recent centuries colours the understanding of the biblical text. The translations are affected in consequence. A comparison between the versions is revealing…展开更多
When it comes to the afterlife, Seventh-day Adventists advocate ＂soul sleep＂ condition, in which the dead person is in some sort of suspended state until the final judgment. On the other hand, many Evangelical Chris...When it comes to the afterlife, Seventh-day Adventists advocate ＂soul sleep＂ condition, in which the dead person is in some sort of suspended state until the final judgment. On the other hand, many Evangelical Christians believe that the dead go directly to Heaven to be with the Lord. But in Roman Catholicism, purgatory is considered as the place where most dead believers expiate their remaining sins before entering the visible presence of God. This doctrine has been criticized extensively both by Catholics and Evangelicals in spite of its massive defence by the Holy office. Several alternative views about the resurrection of the dead have been propounded by some twentieth-century Protestants and some notable Catholic theologians. Although the doctrine of purgatory has been approved and reaffirmed by several Church councils, the questions that still remain are： Is the doctrine of purgatory biblically justifiable？ Does the work of salvation extend beyond the grave？ This study attempts to find answers to these questions. The study therefore surveys the doctrine of purgatory in the light of the biblical teachings about death. The second section surveys the background to the doctrine with reference to Judaism, the Apocrypha, the New Testament, the Church Fathers, and Church Councils. The third section looks at the nature of purgatory, the duration and the nature of the punishment meted out to those who go to purgatory and how souls are released from purgatory. The fourth section also examines the biblical teaching on death. The study concludes that the doctrine of purgatory is based on tradition rather than the Bible. The Bible emphasizes the finality of one＇s destiny in this life rather than after this life.展开更多
The early censorship of the English Bible was imposed during the sixteenth century. One example is William Tyndale＇s pocket-size New Testament translation, which underwem destruction including the burning of its manu...The early censorship of the English Bible was imposed during the sixteenth century. One example is William Tyndale＇s pocket-size New Testament translation, which underwem destruction including the burning of its manuscript, the published translation texts, and even the printers and possessors of these materials. This article reviews the legal history and the religious significance of the censorship, which further influences the appearance of the Authorized Version （1611 ）. Related facts are parliamentary policies concerning imports of foreign priming, book licensing and the use of the Bible. The latter part of this paper reviews evems organized by Wolsey, Tunstall and Warham, and the launch of scholarly based Bible-translation. This paper concludes by re-emphasizing the significance of these parties in sustaining the divine preservation and development of Biblical literature-readers, translators, printers, traders, clergy and legislators. They made the Phoenix rise from the heap of ashes to heaven, and inspired the work of the King James Bible.展开更多
In the course, FTV 201A： MEDIA INDUSTRIES and CULTURES of PRODUCTION： FOUNDATIONS, we discussed how to think the philosophy and thoughts that surround people who produce and work in the culture of production and med...In the course, FTV 201A： MEDIA INDUSTRIES and CULTURES of PRODUCTION： FOUNDATIONS, we discussed how to think the philosophy and thoughts that surround people who produce and work in the culture of production and media. That way, the purpose of this work is to think the use of post-horror label as a marketing strategy in the context of Brazilian contemporary literature and cinema. For that, I map the profile of three Brazilian writers： Santiago Nazarian, Antonio Xerxenesky, and Raphael Montes. They are published now by Companhia das Letras, the largest publisher in Brazil, which has an extensive work with the horror literature, having the exclusivity of Stephen King’s books. In addition, all three circulate differently in the media space, standing between an acceptance of academic criticism and the prestige of large-scale consumer audiences. I analyzed what are the writer strategies to construct their image and establish themselves in the literary market using the Post-horror label and its relation with the production company, RT Features, which is financing them. In the end, I did a critical analyzes of the post-horror label as a transmedia strategy to construct an author’s name.展开更多
Being distinguished from many greatest American writers, Hemingway is noted as an iron man and his powerful philosophy： “Man can be destroyed, but not defeated”. Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is cons...Being distinguished from many greatest American writers, Hemingway is noted as an iron man and his powerful philosophy： “Man can be destroyed, but not defeated”. Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is considered to be the masterpiece of Hemingway＇s works and the one that best demonstrates this powerful philosophy. And The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his battle with a great marlin. In his masterpiece, Hemingway portrays Santiago with every dominant and strong characteristic, which is the prototype of an iron man. This is one of the basic characteristics of the novel which gives Ernest Hemingway great honor and makes him become one of the authors who define American literature. The Old Man and the Sea is the one that best represents American social life on the period Hemingway lived. In this short novel, a lot of facts are used. Most of the facts come from Hemingway＇s own experience. Reading up the masterpiece, it is evident that the story and the hero are the self-portray of the author himself. With the real life and the literary world perfectly combined, we read Hemingway＇s and we read through Hemingway and his inner world.展开更多
This paper is a theological reflection on the theology of wealth in Africa--its nature, philosophy, and sustaining factors. Through the methodology of theological reflections, the paper finds out that the theology of ...This paper is a theological reflection on the theology of wealth in Africa--its nature, philosophy, and sustaining factors. Through the methodology of theological reflections, the paper finds out that the theology of wealth, though difficult to describe, is sustained on the African continent by economic hardship, the influence of some preachers of the theology of wealth, and the availability of improved facilities for disseminating the content of the theology of wealth. It also finds out that the entire philosophy of the theology of wealth is biblically, theologically, and ethically deficient. Biblically, it adapts parts of scripture to suit its teachings. Theologically, it puts forth viewpoints that are foreign to theological thought. Ethically, it is a means of exploiting congregants. The paper concludes with a recommendation that the content and nature of the theology of wealth must be highlighted and thoroughly explained to both clergy and membership of different denominations so that all will be safeguarded against the impact of this false gospel on their lives.展开更多
The purpose of Bible translation is to enable readers to fully understand what the Bible says in their own context. The different Bible translations use different translation principles, therefore, they show different...The purpose of Bible translation is to enable readers to fully understand what the Bible says in their own context. The different Bible translations use different translation principles, therefore, they show different translated results from each other. In general, translators will make translation choices between the “word-for-word translation” and “sense-for-sense translation”. A good translation usually has two translation choices and the difference is just which kind of choice to use more. In addition to this, whether the same word can be translated consistently is also worthy of being discussed, especially in the case of a proper noun or vocabulary with special meaning. If a vocabulary with special meaning in the Bible is translated into different words, it is not only impossible to clarify the conceptual connection or logical relationship between certain words in the Bible, but also makes it possible for readers who read different Bible translations to have the different understanding of the vocabulary. Under the influence of globalization, Christian communication has become more frequent. After different readers read different Bible translations, the problem of inconsistent understanding of the same word or paragraph will be gradually revealed. This article uses the Greek word “ψυχη” to explore the above issues. “ψυχη” is a vocabulary with special meaning in the New Testament and it is mostly discussed in the anthropology of Christian theology. This article compares three English Bible translations and six Chinese Bible translations on the Greek word “ψυχη” and then finds that the Greek word “ψυχη was translated into multiple different words in a single Bible translation and in different Bible translations. This situation shows that the difference in translation may make the readers of different Bible translations have different understandings after reading.展开更多
This article presents the results of empirical research with freelance journalists from the city of Sao Paulo, involving quantitative and qualitative research methods and the theoretical-methodological from the Recept...This article presents the results of empirical research with freelance journalists from the city of Sao Paulo, involving quantitative and qualitative research methods and the theoretical-methodological from the Reception Studies and Ergology. It is a theoretical and empirical approach, whose developments have been used by the Communication and Work Research Group of Communications and Arts School--University of SAo Paulo, Brazil. The reception from the world of work shows how changes in the labor act concretely in daily life subjectively and how they manifest in the sphere of cultural consumption. The research shows how, from the reception, the journalists reveal from which place they talk about the world, the society, and their own work. The reception is revealed as the moment par excellence ＂to talk about work＂. When talking about the other＇s work, the journalists are confronted with their own work and reveal, in their discourse, values and dramas of real activity of communication and work.展开更多
Exod 23：10-12 enjoins Israel to keep both a seventh-year Sabbath and a seventh-day Sabbath. The juxtaposition of these two Sabbaths in the text suggests a connection between the Sabbath and ecology, since rest and no...Exod 23：10-12 enjoins Israel to keep both a seventh-year Sabbath and a seventh-day Sabbath. The juxtaposition of these two Sabbaths in the text suggests a connection between the Sabbath and ecology, since rest and nourishment are required both the land and its inhabitants （i.e., humans and beasts）. This article exegetically analyzes Exod 23：10-12 and suggests some possible ecological implications. Accordingly, it is argued that while the biblical sabbatical year seems to have required a rest for the whole land--a practice which may seem impossible today--in modern times heavily cultivated portions of land could be allowed to lie fallow. Instead of overusing particular portions of land with the aid of agro-chemicals, farming systems such as land rotation could fruitfully be practiced. Such a practice may not only allow cultivable lands regain fertility, it may also contribute towards the sustenance of the wild including endangered species. This study may be particularly useful in the African context.展开更多
文摘The paper first presents the translation of Hebrew Genesis entitled At the Start... Genesis Made New. The new version belongs to the field of ethno-poetics. It intends to take today＇s listener/reader back in time by capturing the characteristics of the original Hebrew and expressing them through the medium of modern English. If translations may be said to reflect archaeological layers of social history, At the Start... Genesis Made New attempts to dig down with the purpose of reaching the deepest layer： critical analysis of terminology in the Garden of Eden story provides insights into the primitive Hebrew society that invented this particular myth more than 3,000 years ago. The paper also looks at the same story as translated in the Revised Standard Version, first published as the Authorised Version or King James Bible in 1661, and The New English Bible published in 1961. Different world views characteristic of European society in recent centuries colours the understanding of the biblical text. The translations are affected in consequence. A comparison between the versions is revealing…
文摘When it comes to the afterlife, Seventh-day Adventists advocate ＂soul sleep＂ condition, in which the dead person is in some sort of suspended state until the final judgment. On the other hand, many Evangelical Christians believe that the dead go directly to Heaven to be with the Lord. But in Roman Catholicism, purgatory is considered as the place where most dead believers expiate their remaining sins before entering the visible presence of God. This doctrine has been criticized extensively both by Catholics and Evangelicals in spite of its massive defence by the Holy office. Several alternative views about the resurrection of the dead have been propounded by some twentieth-century Protestants and some notable Catholic theologians. Although the doctrine of purgatory has been approved and reaffirmed by several Church councils, the questions that still remain are： Is the doctrine of purgatory biblically justifiable？ Does the work of salvation extend beyond the grave？ This study attempts to find answers to these questions. The study therefore surveys the doctrine of purgatory in the light of the biblical teachings about death. The second section surveys the background to the doctrine with reference to Judaism, the Apocrypha, the New Testament, the Church Fathers, and Church Councils. The third section looks at the nature of purgatory, the duration and the nature of the punishment meted out to those who go to purgatory and how souls are released from purgatory. The fourth section also examines the biblical teaching on death. The study concludes that the doctrine of purgatory is based on tradition rather than the Bible. The Bible emphasizes the finality of one＇s destiny in this life rather than after this life.
文摘The early censorship of the English Bible was imposed during the sixteenth century. One example is William Tyndale＇s pocket-size New Testament translation, which underwem destruction including the burning of its manuscript, the published translation texts, and even the printers and possessors of these materials. This article reviews the legal history and the religious significance of the censorship, which further influences the appearance of the Authorized Version （1611 ）. Related facts are parliamentary policies concerning imports of foreign priming, book licensing and the use of the Bible. The latter part of this paper reviews evems organized by Wolsey, Tunstall and Warham, and the launch of scholarly based Bible-translation. This paper concludes by re-emphasizing the significance of these parties in sustaining the divine preservation and development of Biblical literature-readers, translators, printers, traders, clergy and legislators. They made the Phoenix rise from the heap of ashes to heaven, and inspired the work of the King James Bible.
文摘In the course, FTV 201A： MEDIA INDUSTRIES and CULTURES of PRODUCTION： FOUNDATIONS, we discussed how to think the philosophy and thoughts that surround people who produce and work in the culture of production and media. That way, the purpose of this work is to think the use of post-horror label as a marketing strategy in the context of Brazilian contemporary literature and cinema. For that, I map the profile of three Brazilian writers： Santiago Nazarian, Antonio Xerxenesky, and Raphael Montes. They are published now by Companhia das Letras, the largest publisher in Brazil, which has an extensive work with the horror literature, having the exclusivity of Stephen King’s books. In addition, all three circulate differently in the media space, standing between an acceptance of academic criticism and the prestige of large-scale consumer audiences. I analyzed what are the writer strategies to construct their image and establish themselves in the literary market using the Post-horror label and its relation with the production company, RT Features, which is financing them. In the end, I did a critical analyzes of the post-horror label as a transmedia strategy to construct an author’s name.
文摘Being distinguished from many greatest American writers, Hemingway is noted as an iron man and his powerful philosophy： “Man can be destroyed, but not defeated”. Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is considered to be the masterpiece of Hemingway＇s works and the one that best demonstrates this powerful philosophy. And The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his battle with a great marlin. In his masterpiece, Hemingway portrays Santiago with every dominant and strong characteristic, which is the prototype of an iron man. This is one of the basic characteristics of the novel which gives Ernest Hemingway great honor and makes him become one of the authors who define American literature. The Old Man and the Sea is the one that best represents American social life on the period Hemingway lived. In this short novel, a lot of facts are used. Most of the facts come from Hemingway＇s own experience. Reading up the masterpiece, it is evident that the story and the hero are the self-portray of the author himself. With the real life and the literary world perfectly combined, we read Hemingway＇s and we read through Hemingway and his inner world.
文摘This paper is a theological reflection on the theology of wealth in Africa--its nature, philosophy, and sustaining factors. Through the methodology of theological reflections, the paper finds out that the theology of wealth, though difficult to describe, is sustained on the African continent by economic hardship, the influence of some preachers of the theology of wealth, and the availability of improved facilities for disseminating the content of the theology of wealth. It also finds out that the entire philosophy of the theology of wealth is biblically, theologically, and ethically deficient. Biblically, it adapts parts of scripture to suit its teachings. Theologically, it puts forth viewpoints that are foreign to theological thought. Ethically, it is a means of exploiting congregants. The paper concludes with a recommendation that the content and nature of the theology of wealth must be highlighted and thoroughly explained to both clergy and membership of different denominations so that all will be safeguarded against the impact of this false gospel on their lives.
文摘The purpose of Bible translation is to enable readers to fully understand what the Bible says in their own context. The different Bible translations use different translation principles, therefore, they show different translated results from each other. In general, translators will make translation choices between the “word-for-word translation” and “sense-for-sense translation”. A good translation usually has two translation choices and the difference is just which kind of choice to use more. In addition to this, whether the same word can be translated consistently is also worthy of being discussed, especially in the case of a proper noun or vocabulary with special meaning. If a vocabulary with special meaning in the Bible is translated into different words, it is not only impossible to clarify the conceptual connection or logical relationship between certain words in the Bible, but also makes it possible for readers who read different Bible translations to have the different understanding of the vocabulary. Under the influence of globalization, Christian communication has become more frequent. After different readers read different Bible translations, the problem of inconsistent understanding of the same word or paragraph will be gradually revealed. This article uses the Greek word “ψυχη” to explore the above issues. “ψυχη” is a vocabulary with special meaning in the New Testament and it is mostly discussed in the anthropology of Christian theology. This article compares three English Bible translations and six Chinese Bible translations on the Greek word “ψυχη” and then finds that the Greek word “ψυχη was translated into multiple different words in a single Bible translation and in different Bible translations. This situation shows that the difference in translation may make the readers of different Bible translations have different understandings after reading.
文摘This article presents the results of empirical research with freelance journalists from the city of Sao Paulo, involving quantitative and qualitative research methods and the theoretical-methodological from the Reception Studies and Ergology. It is a theoretical and empirical approach, whose developments have been used by the Communication and Work Research Group of Communications and Arts School--University of SAo Paulo, Brazil. The reception from the world of work shows how changes in the labor act concretely in daily life subjectively and how they manifest in the sphere of cultural consumption. The research shows how, from the reception, the journalists reveal from which place they talk about the world, the society, and their own work. The reception is revealed as the moment par excellence ＂to talk about work＂. When talking about the other＇s work, the journalists are confronted with their own work and reveal, in their discourse, values and dramas of real activity of communication and work.
文摘Exod 23：10-12 enjoins Israel to keep both a seventh-year Sabbath and a seventh-day Sabbath. The juxtaposition of these two Sabbaths in the text suggests a connection between the Sabbath and ecology, since rest and nourishment are required both the land and its inhabitants （i.e., humans and beasts）. This article exegetically analyzes Exod 23：10-12 and suggests some possible ecological implications. Accordingly, it is argued that while the biblical sabbatical year seems to have required a rest for the whole land--a practice which may seem impossible today--in modern times heavily cultivated portions of land could be allowed to lie fallow. Instead of overusing particular portions of land with the aid of agro-chemicals, farming systems such as land rotation could fruitfully be practiced. Such a practice may not only allow cultivable lands regain fertility, it may also contribute towards the sustenance of the wild including endangered species. This study may be particularly useful in the African context.
