陕西大学堂教学活动考

根据新发现的清末报刊文献 ,对湮没不彰的陕西大学堂的学制与教学、教习与师资管理、学生管理与学潮作了历史性的考证。结论指出 :陕西大学堂的创建 ,奠定了近代陕西高等教育的基础 ,也成为陕西地方教育由书院制度向学堂制度转折的标志 ,同时也标志着以引入西方高等教育学制和管理为特征的新型教育体制的形式。

略论孙中山的自由观

孙中山自由观的渊源。自由的概念与涵义。关于中、欧的自由史观和争自由问题。三民主义与自由、平等、博爱的比较。自由的潮流与秩序的潮流的关系。个人自由与国家自由的限度。党员的自由权利与服从党魁命令的关系。学生自由与学潮。

Comparative Study on Changes of Croplands Between North Korea and South Korea During 1990–2015

Studies on long-term change of cropland is of great significance to the utilization of land resources and the implementation of scientific agricultural policies. The Korean Peninsula, adjacent to China, plays an important role in the international environment of Northeast Asia. The Korean Peninsula includes South Korea and North Korea—two countries that have a great difference in their institutions and economic developments. Therefore, we aim to quantify the spatiotemporal changes of croplands in these two countries using Landsat Thematic Imager(TM) and Operational Land Imager(OLI) imagery, and to compare the differences of cropland changes between the two countries. This paper take full advantage of ODM approach(object-oriented segmentation and decision-tree classification based on multi-season imageries) to obtain the distribution of croplands in 1990 and 2015. Results showed that the overall classification accuracy of cropland data is 91.10% in 1990 and 92.52% in 2015. The croplands were mainly distributed in areas with slopes that were less than 8° and with elevations that were less than 300 m in the Korean Peninsula. However, in other region(slope > 8° or elevation > 300 m), the area and proportion of North Korea's croplands were significantly higher than that of South Korea. Croplands significantly increased by 15.02% in North Korea from 1990 to 2015. In contrast, croplands in South Korea slightly decreased by 1.32%. During the 25 years, policy shift, economic development, population growth, and urban sprawl played primary roles for cropland changes. Additionally, the regional differences of cropland changes were mainly due to different agriculture policies implemented by different countries. The achievements of this study can provide scientific guidance for the protection and sustainability of land resources.

A Comparative Study on Korean and Myanmar Personal Pronouns

The purpose of this paper is to examine the similarities and differences between pronouns in Korean and Myanmar. In other words, we try to help Korean and Myanmar learners to study personal pronouns by comparing the personal pronouns between the two languages. Personal pronouns are used in Myanmar as “pronouns referring to people” as in Korean. The two languages are divided into first person, second person, and third person pronoun. However, looking at functions and usage, there seem to be many differences between the two languages. For example, in the case of Myanmar language, personal pronouns are different according to gender and personal pronouns are used differently for general people and monks. Myanmar also uses the personal pronouns differently depending on colloquial and written language. In the case of Korean language, there is no big difference between the sexes in different languages but there is difference between the people and monks in terms of Myanmar language. However, Korean people have difficulties in learning personal pronouns because their usage differs according to their status and social status. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, it is meaningful to identify commonalities and differences between languages by comparing characteristics and use of personal pronouns between the two languages.

Metagenomic approach revealed effects of forest thinning on bacterial communities in the forest soil of Mt. Janggunbong, South Korea

The soil microbiome that plays important ecological roles in mountains and forests is influenced by anthropogenic and natural causes.Human activity,particularly harvesting or thinning,affects the soil microbiome in forests by altering environmental conditions,such as vegetation,microclimate,and soil physicochemical properties.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on forest thinning on the diversity and composition of the soil bacterial community.From next-generation sequencing results of the 16S rRNA gene,we examined differences in soil bacterial diversity and community composition before and after thinning at Mt.Janggunbong,South Korea.We identified 40 phyla,103 classes,192 orders,412families,947 genera,and 3,145 species from the soil samples.Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most dominant bacterial phyla in the forest soil of Mt.Janggunbong.Soil bacterial diversity measures(richness,Shannon diversity index,and evenness)at the phylum level increased after thinning,whereas species-level taxonomic richness decreased after thinning.Thinning provided new opportunities for bacterial species in Chloroflexi,Verrucomicrobia,Nitrospirae,and other nondominant bacterial taxa,especially for those not found in Mt.Janggunbong before thinning,to settle and adapt to the changing environment.Our results suggested that thinning affected the diversity and composition of soil bacterial communities in forests and mountains.

With the Measuring Rod against the Floods: Ferdinand Verbiest and His Forgotten Introduction of Benedetto Castelli’s River Hydraulics to China

The monumental Studies to Fathom Principles(Qiongli xue窮理學;1683)by Ferdinand Verbiest S.J.(Nan Huairen南懷仁,1623–1688)was never printed,and its exact content is not known.A section of the only extant,though incomplete,manuscript deals with fluvial flood prevention and river control measures,a subject that until then had not cropped up in any Chinese-language work of the Jesuits.In this section,Verbiest not only described the already well-known Aristotelian theory of the origin of rivers,but also introduced to China new scientific propositions,concepts,and numerical examples originating from the seminal Renaissance work Della misura dell’acque correnti(Of the Mensuration of Running Waters;1628)by Benedetto Castelli(1578–1643).In addition,Verbiest presented to his readers some noteworthy examples of pertinent Western achievements such as the pound-lock with miter gate,and he provided them with a simple economic analysis of flood control options.The significance and possible influence of Verbiest’s text on further developments in Chinese approaches to water engineering are discussed,highlighting a hitherto largely disregarded facet of Western science and technology transfer in the field of river hydraulics and flood management.

DPRK Nuclear Issue:Non-proliferation or Strategic Game?

Out of concern over nuclear weapons proliferation,the worry over DPRK nuclear testing is overwrought.The author sees the situation from the viewpoint of a geopolitical game in a non-proliferation mask.To attempt a geopolitical game using non-proliferation is wrongly directed,but this is the main reason the issue fluctuates and deadlocks occasionally.To solve the situation once and for all,the international community needs to recognize its geopolitical nature and cure the problem accordingly.Since DPRK leader Kim Jong-Un crossed the border April 27 to meet South Korean President Moon Jae-in,the destiny of the Korean Peninsula is,as it should be,in the hands of the Koreans,not Chinese or Americans.

Korean Picture Brides in Hawaii： Historical and Literary Narratives

Korean ＂picture brides＂ who migrated to Hawaii a century ago are reborn in stories through literary works produced in 21 st-century Korea and the USA. The literary value of picture bride stories is an important starting point for raising awareness of the reality of Korean migration to the US a century ago and for understanding the status of the 20th-century Korean diaspora beyond national borders and cultural boundaries. This study aimed to investigate the historical background of picture brides in Hawaii in the early 20th century so as to research that the life of Korean picture brides was much harder than those of other Asian picture brides. The stories of picture brides, gleaned from various oral narratives, news articles, poems, plays, and novels, not only represent in great detail the patriarchal and nationalistic discourse prevalent in the period in the US on Korean and Asian picture brides, but also provide important details on these women＇s daily living, independent efforts to make new lives in Hawaii, and the transboundary hybrid culture that emerged as a result. The comparative-literary approach of the study also captures the value of the transnationalist thread in the literary works under study.

魏晋六朝“文义”考释

“义”的表达有口谈,同时也有笔谈或是为谈论准备下的文字资料。由于文章创作与“义”的文字化对语言的共同依赖,使得文和“义”出现了一定的融会现象,它是玄学或清谈影响文学的具体表现。

A Century of Korean Narrative in Chinese Literature

The harmonious relationship among East Asian countries has a very long history. However, it has faced serious challenges in the past hundred years. In these eventful years for our nation, Chinese literature, like the Chinese people, has endured hardships and pondered ways of extricating the country from its malaise. In addition to being concerned over China＇s enlightenment, salvation, independence and rejuvenation, writers have also paid considerable attention to important international forces that had a strong influence on their country＇s fate. Concern over and understanding of the Korean nation bad a particular emotional charge and relevance to their own fate. Over the course of a century, Chinese literature＇s awareness of Korea went through four stages. In the first, Korea＇s loss of independence served as a mirror of China＇s own dangerous position, menaced on all sides; in the second, the Korean people were seen as comrades-in-arms combating foreign foes; in the third, when the Korean Peninsula was divided, North Koreans continued to be regarded as comrades-in-arms while South Korea was not acknowledged; and in the final stage, amidst the interaction between ＂China style＂ and the ＂Korean wave,＂ Chinese literature＇s awareness of Korea expanded through a penetrating appreciation of Korean history involving deep ties of courage and uprightness.

Metaphysical Violent Hermeneutic Misreading of Confucian Literary Theory

This essay examines the Daoist metaphysical masters＇ hermeneutic misreading of the Confucian classics during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Applying the concept of misreading as the theoretical guideline, we will first analyze the three important supporting columns of Confucian literary theory： the importance of virtue/morality, the authority of literary sages and the ontology of the classics, and then we will examine the metaphysical masters＇ subversion of the Confucian classics by misreading with their Daoist literary theory and concepts. In their hermeneutic misreading of the Confucian classics, the metaphysical masters in fact fused the original concepts of the Confucian classics with their contemporary Daoist hermeneutics, and the result of such a fusion is that the original meanings as the signified parted from the signifiers--the texts of the classics themselves--and were turned into repositories of contemporary Daoist meanings. In such a hermeneutic misreading, the Daoist theorists forced the Confucian theory and its ontology to gloomily withdraw from the cultural center, and gradually took the spotlight on the historical stage of the Wei and Jin Dynasties. In their open attitudes and flexible system, the metaphysical theorists constructed an age of enlightenment for the development of literary theory. With their hermeneutic misreading, the metaphys- ical literary theorists indeed broke through the world of Confucianism, won the right of expression, and voluntarily moved toward the self-fulfillment of their own system in the Wei and Jin Dynasties.