士人治生与《儒林外史》创作的思想表达

士人治生是《儒林外史》创作关注的重要思想主题。传统社会的士农工商有着明确的社会分工和职业属性,但赋予士的社会责任以及“食于官”的制度设计仅是一种“政策合理”。《儒林外史》通过艺术再现士人扭曲的治生观念、塑造典型人物揭示深刻社会现实、文学表达叩问科举制度等手法,深刻揭示了科举制度在制度设计和运行中存在的问题:其不但未能有效解决士人本业治生,反而削弱了士人的治生能力,形成了士人治生这一社会问题,而士人治生社会问题又影响了国家治理效能。吴敬梓对士人治生问题的关注,不但有其自身生活经历的原因,也与颜李学派思想影响密切相关。

1980年全国自然科学史学术会议及学会成立大会研究

1980年10月,由中国科学院自然科学史研究所组织召开的自然科学史学术会议及学会成立大会,是中国科技史界规模空前的盛会。这次会议的召开受到自1976年“文革”结束至1978年中国的政治变革、科技政策和规划,以及中国科学院副院长、党组副书记李昌的影响,是筹备工作经历搁置后该所联合所外力量重新筹备而获得的成果。这次会议恢复了中断24年的全国综合性科技史学术交流活动,展现了高质量的学术交流状态;遵循严谨程序成立了中国科学技术史学会,为日后国内和中国国际科技史交流活动的展开奠定重要的组织基础。这次会议是中国科技史事业走向繁荣的重要标志,反映了1980年中国科技史事业发生的历史性转变,推进了中国科技史的建制化历程,产生了深远的影响,在中国科学史学史上具有里程碑意义。

张以宁论诗论文之道探析

张以宁论诗打上元代"宗唐抑宋"诗学取向的鲜明烙印,严羽诗论与朱子理学对其影响十分深刻。他主张诗"发之情性之真",又认为诗具有音乐性,诗与画的关系密切,诗主情,也要有一定的"理",客观上,从诗与人的心灵、诗与音乐、诗与画、诗与问学的关系等方面阐释了诗的本质问题。关于诗与外部世界的关系,他认为诗与"世"、诗与地域文化的关系密切。诗的创作在于根本,"根本盛且大",关键在于复古,"先古其性情,非徒古其词",具体而言,就是诗宗盛唐,学李、杜为主,也兼学各家,不能生搬硬套,而应融汇众家,自成一家。张以宁的诗美追求可概括为:古、正、醇、厚、雅、趣、悟。张以宁论文,与论诗一样,标举"复古"。复古是其论文的出发点,其落脚点乃在于提振积弱的元代散文品格。其论文要点可归结为:复古、宗经、明道、师韩、重文、修养。

On New Invariant Solutions of Generalized Fokker-Planck Equation

The generalized one-dimensional Fokker-Planck equation is analyzed via potential symmetry method and the invariant solutions under potential symmetries are obtained. Among those solutions, some are new and first reported.

Nonlinear dynamics analysis of a new autonomous chaotic system

In this paper,a new nonlinear autonomous system introduced by Chlouverakis and Sprott is studied further,to present very rich and complex nonlinear dynamical behaviors. Some basic dynamical properties are studied either analytically or nu-merically,such as Poincaré map,Lyapunov exponents and Lyapunov dimension. Based on this flow,a new almost-Hamilton chaotic system with very high Lyapunov dimensions is constructed and investigated. Two new nonlinear autonomous systems can be changed into one another by adding or omitting some constant coefficients.

Lie Symmetry and Conserved Quantities for Nonholonomic Vacco Dynamical Systems

In this paper the Lie symmetry and conserved quantities for nonholonomic Vacco dynamical systems are studied. The determining equation of the Lie symmetry for the system is given. The general Hojman conserved quantity and the Lutzky conserved quantity deduced from the symmetry are obtained.

Lie Symmetrical Hojman Conserved Quantity of Relativistic Mechanical System

In this paper, we study the Lie symmetrical Hojman conserved quantity of a relativistic mechanical system under general infinitesimal transformations of groups in which the time parameter is variable. The determining equation of Lie symmetry of the system is established. The theorem of the Lie symmetrical Hojman conserved quantity of the system is presented. The above results are generalization to Hojman's conclusions, in which the time parameter is not variable and the system is non-relativistic. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results in the last.

Lie Bialgebra Structures on Generalized Heisenberg-Virasoro Algebra

In a recent article by Liu,Pei,and Zhu,Lie bialgebra structures on the twisted Heisenberg-Virasoro algebra were determined. By disposing the indexing set, the generalized Heisenberg-Virasoro algebra was considered. It is proved that all Lie bialgebra structures on centerless generalized Heisenberg-Virasoro algebra L are coboundary triangular by proving that the first cohomology group H1 (L,V) =0.

Generating Lie Point Symmetry Groups of (2-10-Dimensional Broer-Kaup Equationvia a Simple Direct Method

Using the (2+1)-dimensional Broer-Kaup equation as an simple example, a new direct method is developed to find symmetry groups and symmetry algebras and then exact solutions of nonlinear mathematical physical equations.

Noether-Lie Symmetry of Generalized Classical Mechanical Systems

In this paper, the Noether Lie symmetry and conserved quantities of generalized classical mechanical system are studied. The definition and the criterion of the Noether Lie symmetry for the system under the general infinitesimal transformations of groups are given. The Noether conserved quantity and the Hojman conserved quantity deduced from the Noether Lie symmetry are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

Epitome of Research on the History of Science and Technology in China:A Review of the Book Series History of Science and Technology in Pre-Modern China in Comparison with Needham’s Science and Civilisation in China

The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and compiled by a multitude of Chinese scholars.In comparison with Science and Civilisation in China by Dr.Joseph Needham,Zhongguo kexue jishu shi is superior in the layout characteristics,literature collection,research and explication,field investigation,and simulation experiments.

Symmetry Analysis and Exact Solutions of (2+1)-Dimensional Sawada-Kotera Equation

Based on the symbolic computation system Maple, the infinite-dimensional symmetry group of the （2＋1）- dimensional Sawada-Kotera equation is found by the classical Lie group method and the characterization of the group properties is given. The symmetry groups are used to perform the symmetry reduction. Moreover, with Lou＇s direct method that is based on Lax pairs, we obtain the symmetry transformations of the Sawada-Kotera and Konopelchenko Dubrovsky equations, respectively.

Effective-Field Theory for Kinetic Ising Model on Honeycomb Lattice

As an analytical method, the effective-field theory （EFT） is used to study the dynamical response of the kinetic Ising model in the presence of a sinusoidal oscillating field. The effective-field equations of motion of the average magnetization are given for the honeycomb lattice （Z = 3）. The Liapunov exponent A is calculated for discussing the stability of the magnetization and it is used to determine the phase boundary. In the field amplitude ho / ZJ-temperature T/ZJ plane, the phase boundary separating the dynamic ordered and the disordered phase has been drawn. In contrast to previous analytical results that predicted a tricritical point separating a dynamic phase boundary line of continuous and discontinuous transitions, we find that the transition is always continuous. There is inconsistency between our results and previous analytical results, because they do not introduce sufficiently strong fluctuations.

Magnetic Properties of Transverse Ising Model under a Time Oscillating Longitudinal Field

A transverse Ising spin system, in the presence of time-dependent longitudinal field, is studied by the effective-field theory （EFT）. The effective-field equations of motion of the average magnetization are given for the simple cubic lattice （Z ---- 6） and the honeycomb lattice （Z = 3）. The Liapunov exponent A is calculated for discussing the stability of the magnetization and it is used to determine the phase boundary. The dynamic phase transition diagrams in ho/ZJ - F/ZJ plane and in ho/ZJ - T/ZJ plane have been drawn, and there is no dynamical tricritical point on the dynamic phase transition boundary. The effect of the thermal fluctuations upon the dynamic phase boundary has been discussed.

Adaptive Tracking Control for Diffractive Film Based on Nonlinear Sliding Mode

A nonlinear sliding mode adaptive controller for a thin-film diffractive imaging system is designed to achieve accurate pointing direction over the attitude of subarrays in large-diameter mirror arrays.The kinematics and dynamics equations based on error quaternion and angular velocity are derived,and a diffractive thin-film sub-mirror array controller is designed to point precisely.Moreover,the global stability of the controller is proved by the Lyapunov method.Since the controller can adaptively identify the inertia matrix of each sub-mirror system,it is robust to bounded disturbances and changes in inertia parameters.At the same time,the continuous arctangent function is introduced,which is effectively anti-chattering.The simulation results show that the designed controller can ensure the accurate tracking of the diffractive film in each sub-mirror in the presence of rotational inertia matrix uncertainty and various disturbances.

从《中国算学史》上卷到《中国数学史》——纪念钱宝琮诞辰130周年

中国数学史学科主要奠基人之一钱宝琮主编的《中国数学史》是这一学科的经典,在海内外有着广泛的影响,但学术界对其形成过程未有系统梳理。本文利用新的史料,讨论了钱宝琮的学术生涯,明确提出他于1932年出版的个人专著《中国算学史》(上卷)是他1964年主编的集体著作《中国数学史》的先行作品,而后者可称前者的完璧之作。文章系统考察了《中国算学史》(上卷)的缘起,和它发展成为《中国数学史》的曲折历程。

Approximation Properties of a Special Class of Mathematical Expectation Operators

In this paper we study the local measure of approximation of a class of special mathematical expectation operators to Lipschitz class of functions by probabilistic method. The some well known operators (e. g., the Bernstein, Bascakov and Szasz-Mirakjan operators etc) are special cases of a class of the mathematical expetation operators.

Stochastic Resonance as a Mathematical Model of an Electrogastrogram

An electrogastrogram （EGG） is a recording of the electrical activity in the stomach, as measured on the abdominal surface. In this study, the goal is to obtain a mathematical model of an EGG; to achieve this, the EGG of 14 subjects （seven males and seven females） will be obtained. Initially, the Wayland algorithm to the EGG to measure the degree of determinism is applied. However, it could not be determined whether the EGG could be generated by a chaotic process. In addition, the waveform of the electric potential in the interstitial cells of Cajal is similar to the graphs of the numerical solutions to the Van der Pol equation. Therefore, the Van der Pol equation to a periodic function was added, and random white noise was used to represent the intestinal motility and other biosignals. The EGG and numerical solutions were compared and evaluated on the basis of the translation error （Etrans） in the Wayland algorithm and the maximum Lyapunov exponent （2） in Rosenstein＇s algorithm. By projecting the data from an obtained stationary EGG from the subjects, along with the numerical solutions, onto the Etrans-λ plane, the affinity between them was qualitatively evaluated. The EGG was well described by stochastic resonance from the stochastic differential equations.

Direct adaptive control for lane keeping in intelligent vehicle systems

In this paper, with parametric uncertainties such as the mass of vehicle, the inertia of vehicle about vertical axis, and the tire cornering stiffness, we deal with the vehicle lateral control problem in intelligent vehicle systems. Based on the dynamical model of vehicle, by applying Lyapunov function method, the control problem for lane keeping in the presence of parametric uncertainty is studied, the direct adaptive algorithm to compensate for parametric variations is proposed and the terminal sliding mode variable structure control laws are designed with look-ahead references systems. The stability of the system is investigated from the zero dynamics analysis. Simulation results show that convergence rates of the lateral displacement error, yaw angle error and slid angle are fast.

Interaction between Dairy Yeasts and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Milk

The presence of Geotrichum candidum in fresh cheese is considered to be a contaminant and may lead to the product spoilage. The oxidative yeast Candida maltosa firstly isolated from the spoiled fruit yoghurt surface in Slovakia belongs to the yeast contaminants of fermented dairy products. The effect of the cultivation temperature and the presence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on the growth of dairy spoilage yeasts in ultrapasteurized milk was studied. Addition of Lb. rhamnosus GG in milk caused partial inhibition of the yeast growth dynamics in milk. The water activity transformation of Gibson model after the temperature modification （Tw） was applied to model growth dynamics of G. candidum in pure and mixed culture, respectively： In μ_Gc=-5.0376＋2.7281 Tw-0.4217Tw^2, lnμ_CC_LGG=-6.0033＋3.2996Tw-0.5553Tw^2. The effect of different Lb. rhamnosus GG addition and the incubation temperature on the C. maltosa growth dynamics was analyzed by linear regression methodology and described by using following equations： lnGr1=-5.3674＋0.2341T＋0.2599N0-0.0032T^2-0.0492N0^2-0.0068TN0 and lnGr11=-9.5457-0.249T＋2.3823N0 ＋0.0099T^2-0.2324N0^2＋0.0098TN0 Based on the principles of predictive microbiology, the mutual microbial interactions and potential application of the lactobacillus strains in food protection are discussed.