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公共政策是如何被解读的?——基于行为模式化的分析 被引量:2
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作者 赵春雷 《云南行政学院学报》 2021年第6期162-172,共11页
面对同一公共政策,不同主体往往有不同的解读。政策制定者的工具型解读将公共政策当作其解决社会问题的工具,具有鲜明政治性,但公共政策存在被异化的风险;政策实施者的操作型解读将公共政策看作其行动的指南,主要着眼于政策的可执行性,... 面对同一公共政策,不同主体往往有不同的解读。政策制定者的工具型解读将公共政策当作其解决社会问题的工具,具有鲜明政治性,但公共政策存在被异化的风险;政策实施者的操作型解读将公共政策看作其行动的指南,主要着眼于政策的可执行性,但可能会偏离政策目标;政策专家的学理型解读将公共政策看作其专业理论的应用空间,通常带有批判性,但有时会引起政策争议;政策目标团体的益损型解读将公共政策看作对其利益做出的边际调整,体现“收益-成本”理性,但有时带有一定盲从性。尽管不同主体的政策解读存在差异,但在坚持公共利益最大化这一共识的前提下,多元政策解读可相容共存。 展开更多
关键词 政策解读 工具解读 操作解读 学理型解读 益损解读
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Cooperative Learning Makes Extensive Reading More Enjoyable
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作者 I-Chia Chou 《Sino-US English Teaching》 2012年第8期1373-1379,共7页
In the field of L2 (second language) reading, scholars generally agree that ER (extensive reading) improves L2 learners' reading speed and comprehension and enriches their L2 vocabulary (Grabe & Stoller, 1997)... In the field of L2 (second language) reading, scholars generally agree that ER (extensive reading) improves L2 learners' reading speed and comprehension and enriches their L2 vocabulary (Grabe & Stoller, 1997). This teacher-inquiry type of paper presents a practical suggestion for supplementing ER activity with the element of CL (cooperative learning). ER, theoretically speaking, focuses on the solitary task of silent reading. The CL technique used in this study was a book-talk activity. Forty-five freshmen from a course of children and young adult literatures were required to read at least 20 English books throughout a semester. CL was added to facilitate students' ER in young adult literature. After a semester, short-answer questions were asked regarding students' comments on ER as well as CL. Students overall agreed that when ER is supplemented with CL, reading in an L2 seems to be less intimidating. 展开更多
关键词 L2 (second language) reading ER (extensive reading) CL (cooperative learning)
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