20世纪中叶,学科互涉现象开始在学术界和教育界普及,并一举成为现代学科发展与知识创新的全新模式。学科互涉是在经典学科理论框架之隐忧日益显露的时候出现的,它并非呼吁取消学科分类,而是为了在学科交汇的中间地带谋求学科的合法性存...20世纪中叶,学科互涉现象开始在学术界和教育界普及,并一举成为现代学科发展与知识创新的全新模式。学科互涉是在经典学科理论框架之隐忧日益显露的时候出现的,它并非呼吁取消学科分类,而是为了在学科交汇的中间地带谋求学科的合法性存在。鉴于此,诞生于人文社会科学与自然科学十字路口的传播学,借助学科互涉概念推动学科建设与发展,具有天然的优势。本文以Web of Science数据库1937—2020年收录的传播学学科互涉论文为研究样本,基于学科共现分析方法对传播学领域的学科互涉网络结构及其演化历程进行了定量分析。结果表明,传播学的学科互涉程度越发深入,学科互涉群体间的关系也愈加稳固。在竞争日趋激烈的社会科学领域,传播学想要实现重大学术突破,借助学科互涉框架或许是最佳策略,因为传播学的优势在于它本就是一个多学科互涉空间。展开更多
一种期刊,因为内容分属于不同的学科,而被划分到不同的Wo S(Web of Science)学科类别(a journal’s co-assignment to different categories)。这些类别的学科就会有相同的期刊(categories’co-membership of journals)。而这些期刊的...一种期刊,因为内容分属于不同的学科,而被划分到不同的Wo S(Web of Science)学科类别(a journal’s co-assignment to different categories)。这些类别的学科就会有相同的期刊(categories’co-membership of journals)。而这些期刊的论题又是相关的,各个类别的学科间因为共有期刊论题的相关性而具有一定的相关性,我们把这种相关性称为共期刊的学科类间关系。学科间共有的期刊越多,之间沟通的渠道就越多,就越容易形成比较紧密的关系,这些学科之间形成学科群的基础也就越牢靠。基于这种关系,用学科类别作为基本的构架单元,利用VOSviewer所提供的统一的构图和聚类技术,我们勾画了全学科科学骨架图。Leydesdorff和Rafols著名的科学全局图(global map of science)也是用学科类别作为基本的构架单元,但他们用引用作为关系框架,用主成分分析来聚类,用Kamada and Kawai算法来构图。虽然两者所用的关系框架、聚类和构图方法都有差异,但所勾画的全学科科学骨架图形异而神同:用学科类别间的共期刊关系所勾画全学科科学骨架图呈文理两极分化之势,而Leydesdorff和Rafols的科学全局图呈不规则环形,而且文理之间形成一种勾连呼应之势。但从其内部结构来看,两者从右到左,经过计算科学、工程、理化、材料,通过农林,穿过地球科学、生态系统,到生物医学,再经过公共环境与职业卫生过渡到社会科学。共期刊类间关系相对稳定,而引用关系则随时发生变化。其一致性和差异性反映了科学学科结构的稳定性和动态变化性的对立统一,也体现了两种关系框架下不同的学理结构。展开更多
Whether a collection of scientific data can be explained only by a unique theory or whether such data can be equally explained by multiple theories is one of the more contested issues in the history and philosophy of ...Whether a collection of scientific data can be explained only by a unique theory or whether such data can be equally explained by multiple theories is one of the more contested issues in the history and philosophy of science. This paper argues that the case for multiple explanations is strengthened by the widespread failure of models in mathematical logic to be unique, i.e., categorical. Science is taken to require replicable and explicit public knowledge; this necessitates an unambiguous language for its transmission. Mathematics has been chosen as the vehicle to transmit scientific knowledge, both because of its ＂unreasonable effectiveness＂ and because of its unambiguous nature, hence the vogue of axiomatic systems. But mathematical logic tells us that axiomatic systems need not refer to uniquely defined real structures. Hence what is accepted as science may be only one of several possibilities.展开更多
62 patients with chronic colitis were randomly divided into two groups. Acupuncture and moxibustion at acupoints such as Tianshu (St 25), Guanyuan (Ren 4) were applied in the treatment group, and western drugs were ap...62 patients with chronic colitis were randomly divided into two groups. Acupuncture and moxibustion at acupoints such as Tianshu (St 25), Guanyuan (Ren 4) were applied in the treatment group, and western drugs were applied in the control group. The results showed that acupuncture and moxibustion had a marked curative effective with few side effects, and therefore was readily acceptable to the patients.展开更多
On June 24th, 2018, President Tayyip Erdogan, along with his pro-Islamic party, the Justice and Development Pazty, AKP, won the general election in Turkey, which will enable Mr. Erdogan to be a one-man ruler of the Re...On June 24th, 2018, President Tayyip Erdogan, along with his pro-Islamic party, the Justice and Development Pazty, AKP, won the general election in Turkey, which will enable Mr. Erdogan to be a one-man ruler of the Republic of Turkey in the foreseeable future. Now, invested with infinite executive-presidential power, coupled with having complete control of the military, cabinet, judiciary and legislative branches, enables Mr. Erdogan to pursue his ambition to be a “nuclea3： power leader” in the Sunni Islamic world. The scientific denialism in general and environmental science, in particular, will reach a whole new level of insanity in Turkey where any conceivable environmental democracy will be abolished. The new government will further change the education establishment in every level and implement its anti-science political doctrines in which logic is an enemy and scientific truth is a menace. The last fifteen years of experience show that the AKP＇s politicians have become anti-science zealots who preach a dangerously new political cultism that is devoid of actual facts, if it does not fit their religious aberration narrative, Thus, virtually every aspect of the nuclear power program in Turkey will be a state secret under the control of one religiously motivated and driven ruler and this, should certainly sound alarm bells across the globe.展开更多
Liver hydatidosis is a parasitic endemic disease affecting extensive areas in our planet, a significant stigma within medicine to manage because of its incidence, possible complications, and diagnostic involvements. T...Liver hydatidosis is a parasitic endemic disease affecting extensive areas in our planet, a significant stigma within medicine to manage because of its incidence, possible complications, and diagnostic involvements. The diagnosis of liver hydatidosis should be as fast as possible because of the relevant complications that may arise with disease progression, involving multiple organs and neighboring structures causing disruption, migration, contamination. The aim of this essay is to illustrate the role of imaging as ultrasonography （US）, multi detector row computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） in the evaluation of liver hydatidosis： the diagnosis, the assessment of extension, the identification of possible complications and the monitoring the response to therapy. US is the screening method of choice. Computed tomography （CT） is indi-cated in cases in which US is inadequate and has high sensitivity and specificity for calcified hydatid cysts. Magnetic resonance is the best imaging procedure to demonstrate a cystic component and to show a biliary tree involvement. Diagnostic tests such as CT and MRI are mandatory in liver hydatidosis because they allow thorough knowledge regarding lesion size, location, and relations to intrahepatic vascular and biliary structures, providing useful information for effective treatment and decrease in post-operative morbidity. Hydatid disease is classified into four types on the basis of their radiologic appearance.展开更多
文摘20世纪中叶,学科互涉现象开始在学术界和教育界普及,并一举成为现代学科发展与知识创新的全新模式。学科互涉是在经典学科理论框架之隐忧日益显露的时候出现的,它并非呼吁取消学科分类,而是为了在学科交汇的中间地带谋求学科的合法性存在。鉴于此,诞生于人文社会科学与自然科学十字路口的传播学,借助学科互涉概念推动学科建设与发展,具有天然的优势。本文以Web of Science数据库1937—2020年收录的传播学学科互涉论文为研究样本,基于学科共现分析方法对传播学领域的学科互涉网络结构及其演化历程进行了定量分析。结果表明,传播学的学科互涉程度越发深入,学科互涉群体间的关系也愈加稳固。在竞争日趋激烈的社会科学领域,传播学想要实现重大学术突破,借助学科互涉框架或许是最佳策略,因为传播学的优势在于它本就是一个多学科互涉空间。
文摘一种期刊,因为内容分属于不同的学科,而被划分到不同的Wo S(Web of Science)学科类别(a journal’s co-assignment to different categories)。这些类别的学科就会有相同的期刊(categories’co-membership of journals)。而这些期刊的论题又是相关的,各个类别的学科间因为共有期刊论题的相关性而具有一定的相关性,我们把这种相关性称为共期刊的学科类间关系。学科间共有的期刊越多,之间沟通的渠道就越多,就越容易形成比较紧密的关系,这些学科之间形成学科群的基础也就越牢靠。基于这种关系,用学科类别作为基本的构架单元,利用VOSviewer所提供的统一的构图和聚类技术,我们勾画了全学科科学骨架图。Leydesdorff和Rafols著名的科学全局图(global map of science)也是用学科类别作为基本的构架单元,但他们用引用作为关系框架,用主成分分析来聚类,用Kamada and Kawai算法来构图。虽然两者所用的关系框架、聚类和构图方法都有差异,但所勾画的全学科科学骨架图形异而神同:用学科类别间的共期刊关系所勾画全学科科学骨架图呈文理两极分化之势,而Leydesdorff和Rafols的科学全局图呈不规则环形,而且文理之间形成一种勾连呼应之势。但从其内部结构来看,两者从右到左,经过计算科学、工程、理化、材料,通过农林,穿过地球科学、生态系统,到生物医学,再经过公共环境与职业卫生过渡到社会科学。共期刊类间关系相对稳定,而引用关系则随时发生变化。其一致性和差异性反映了科学学科结构的稳定性和动态变化性的对立统一,也体现了两种关系框架下不同的学理结构。
文摘Whether a collection of scientific data can be explained only by a unique theory or whether such data can be equally explained by multiple theories is one of the more contested issues in the history and philosophy of science. This paper argues that the case for multiple explanations is strengthened by the widespread failure of models in mathematical logic to be unique, i.e., categorical. Science is taken to require replicable and explicit public knowledge; this necessitates an unambiguous language for its transmission. Mathematics has been chosen as the vehicle to transmit scientific knowledge, both because of its ＂unreasonable effectiveness＂ and because of its unambiguous nature, hence the vogue of axiomatic systems. But mathematical logic tells us that axiomatic systems need not refer to uniquely defined real structures. Hence what is accepted as science may be only one of several possibilities.
文摘62 patients with chronic colitis were randomly divided into two groups. Acupuncture and moxibustion at acupoints such as Tianshu (St 25), Guanyuan (Ren 4) were applied in the treatment group, and western drugs were applied in the control group. The results showed that acupuncture and moxibustion had a marked curative effective with few side effects, and therefore was readily acceptable to the patients.
文摘On June 24th, 2018, President Tayyip Erdogan, along with his pro-Islamic party, the Justice and Development Pazty, AKP, won the general election in Turkey, which will enable Mr. Erdogan to be a one-man ruler of the Republic of Turkey in the foreseeable future. Now, invested with infinite executive-presidential power, coupled with having complete control of the military, cabinet, judiciary and legislative branches, enables Mr. Erdogan to pursue his ambition to be a “nuclea3： power leader” in the Sunni Islamic world. The scientific denialism in general and environmental science, in particular, will reach a whole new level of insanity in Turkey where any conceivable environmental democracy will be abolished. The new government will further change the education establishment in every level and implement its anti-science political doctrines in which logic is an enemy and scientific truth is a menace. The last fifteen years of experience show that the AKP＇s politicians have become anti-science zealots who preach a dangerously new political cultism that is devoid of actual facts, if it does not fit their religious aberration narrative, Thus, virtually every aspect of the nuclear power program in Turkey will be a state secret under the control of one religiously motivated and driven ruler and this, should certainly sound alarm bells across the globe.
文摘Liver hydatidosis is a parasitic endemic disease affecting extensive areas in our planet, a significant stigma within medicine to manage because of its incidence, possible complications, and diagnostic involvements. The diagnosis of liver hydatidosis should be as fast as possible because of the relevant complications that may arise with disease progression, involving multiple organs and neighboring structures causing disruption, migration, contamination. The aim of this essay is to illustrate the role of imaging as ultrasonography （US）, multi detector row computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） in the evaluation of liver hydatidosis： the diagnosis, the assessment of extension, the identification of possible complications and the monitoring the response to therapy. US is the screening method of choice. Computed tomography （CT） is indi-cated in cases in which US is inadequate and has high sensitivity and specificity for calcified hydatid cysts. Magnetic resonance is the best imaging procedure to demonstrate a cystic component and to show a biliary tree involvement. Diagnostic tests such as CT and MRI are mandatory in liver hydatidosis because they allow thorough knowledge regarding lesion size, location, and relations to intrahepatic vascular and biliary structures, providing useful information for effective treatment and decrease in post-operative morbidity. Hydatid disease is classified into four types on the basis of their radiologic appearance.
