This paper aims to analyze the Scientific Initiation （SI） as public policy of higher education in Brazil, from meanings and peculiarities of this device in the undergraduate academic＇s formation, created jointly wi...This paper aims to analyze the Scientific Initiation （SI） as public policy of higher education in Brazil, from meanings and peculiarities of this device in the undergraduate academic＇s formation, created jointly with the National Research Council in 1951 currently National Council for Scientific and Technological Development （CNPq）. This corporation emerged from the recognition of the strategic importance of science and necessity of institutionalization of encouragement and fostering research. This is a theoretical bibliographical study and documentary that evidences the contributions and limits of SI while political science training should be part of academic activities to provide the development and support of investigative spirit. The concept of SI was established in universities as an activity to be developed in order to encourage the student to become familiar with scientific practices. The study concluded that SI is based on institutionalized norms within higher education to foster the development of science, and it is considered as an important strategy of expansion of graduate studies in Brazil.展开更多
My paper aims to discuss the approach between the mystic＇s experience and the experiment of the scientist. The mystic experience is closer to what is proper to the scientific experiment： both are, finally, ways of t...My paper aims to discuss the approach between the mystic＇s experience and the experiment of the scientist. The mystic experience is closer to what is proper to the scientific experiment： both are, finally, ways of tryout. This also means that both are ways to come closer to a deeper understanding of Reality. Raising the problem of the relation between religion and science requires a series of precautions, especially related to the underlying meanings of what we call ＂religion＂ or ＂science＂. What is meant by religion and religious？ The terms are too vague, and on the other hand, the differences among religions are so important that it is almost impossible to use the term religion without an abstract meaning. Even the overall invocation of Christianity is improper, as the report of Eastern Christianity to the Western, one reveals different perspectives on some issues that determine the relationship with science. There must be also taken into account the history of the religious doctrines after Enlightenment, as they underwent secular influences that sometimes left tracks in their discourse, the most aggressive factor being the ideological one. And when speaking about the possibility of religion getting open to science it is necessary to specify what type of religious discourse is concerned. Since a generic report of religion to science is slippery, we should rather count on the identification of those types of religious experience and of those religious horizons that can offer a real openness to science. These statements are also true for science： for such a dialogue, there is need of identifying those aspects of science that are not contaminated by ideology or by assumptions alien to its experimental nature.展开更多
The central concept of Western Enlightenment is scientific reason. It catalyzed the development of modernity, but itself contains a series of paradoxes： between ＂ought＂ and ＂is,＂ between necessity and freedom, be...The central concept of Western Enlightenment is scientific reason. It catalyzed the development of modernity, but itself contains a series of paradoxes： between ＂ought＂ and ＂is,＂ between necessity and freedom, between universality and historicity, and so on. The impact of Enlightenment reason on China was negative in that it generated a superstitious belief in the omnipotence of scientific method and in Western experience and political principles. Consequently, Chinese liberals were unable to handle the relationship between modem Western culture and traditional local culture and the relationship between the ideals of Enlightenment modernity and the objective requirements of real-life politics. At the same time, they were unable to identify the rational and non-rational elements in Western modernity or to develop what was useful and discard what was not. The real value of the Enlightenment lies in its spirit of reflective criticism. It is, therefore, an unfinished business in terms of eliminating superstition and dogma.展开更多
文摘This paper aims to analyze the Scientific Initiation （SI） as public policy of higher education in Brazil, from meanings and peculiarities of this device in the undergraduate academic＇s formation, created jointly with the National Research Council in 1951 currently National Council for Scientific and Technological Development （CNPq）. This corporation emerged from the recognition of the strategic importance of science and necessity of institutionalization of encouragement and fostering research. This is a theoretical bibliographical study and documentary that evidences the contributions and limits of SI while political science training should be part of academic activities to provide the development and support of investigative spirit. The concept of SI was established in universities as an activity to be developed in order to encourage the student to become familiar with scientific practices. The study concluded that SI is based on institutionalized norms within higher education to foster the development of science, and it is considered as an important strategy of expansion of graduate studies in Brazil.
文摘My paper aims to discuss the approach between the mystic＇s experience and the experiment of the scientist. The mystic experience is closer to what is proper to the scientific experiment： both are, finally, ways of tryout. This also means that both are ways to come closer to a deeper understanding of Reality. Raising the problem of the relation between religion and science requires a series of precautions, especially related to the underlying meanings of what we call ＂religion＂ or ＂science＂. What is meant by religion and religious？ The terms are too vague, and on the other hand, the differences among religions are so important that it is almost impossible to use the term religion without an abstract meaning. Even the overall invocation of Christianity is improper, as the report of Eastern Christianity to the Western, one reveals different perspectives on some issues that determine the relationship with science. There must be also taken into account the history of the religious doctrines after Enlightenment, as they underwent secular influences that sometimes left tracks in their discourse, the most aggressive factor being the ideological one. And when speaking about the possibility of religion getting open to science it is necessary to specify what type of religious discourse is concerned. Since a generic report of religion to science is slippery, we should rather count on the identification of those types of religious experience and of those religious horizons that can offer a real openness to science. These statements are also true for science： for such a dialogue, there is need of identifying those aspects of science that are not contaminated by ideology or by assumptions alien to its experimental nature.
文摘The central concept of Western Enlightenment is scientific reason. It catalyzed the development of modernity, but itself contains a series of paradoxes： between ＂ought＂ and ＂is,＂ between necessity and freedom, between universality and historicity, and so on. The impact of Enlightenment reason on China was negative in that it generated a superstitious belief in the omnipotence of scientific method and in Western experience and political principles. Consequently, Chinese liberals were unable to handle the relationship between modem Western culture and traditional local culture and the relationship between the ideals of Enlightenment modernity and the objective requirements of real-life politics. At the same time, they were unable to identify the rational and non-rational elements in Western modernity or to develop what was useful and discard what was not. The real value of the Enlightenment lies in its spirit of reflective criticism. It is, therefore, an unfinished business in terms of eliminating superstition and dogma.
