信息科技课程知识分类及教学价值

学科知识是抵达核心素养的起点,要实现核心素养培养需要回归教学本原,需要重新认识、定位、分析、梳理学科知识。信息科技知识是信息科技课程的基本构成和基础要素,承载着课程逻辑和课程思想,是学生核心素养的逻辑起点。笔者根据卢卡斯知识分类的启示,结合学科特质,将信息科技课程知识分为陈述性知识、程序性知识、策略性知识、价值性知识和基因性知识五大类,并从教学角度阐明相关教学建议与价值。

Advances in Plant Science and Its Prospects

Focusing on the global food security and analyzing the challenges now confronting human being of global climate change,sustainable development of agriculture,energy and environment,plant scientists should take the social responsibility and play the role in solving the global problems like food security from the developmental status and potential of plant science and technology. Moreover,by working with agronomists, ecologists and environmental experts,plant scientists do provide novel ideas and technologies for developing low carbon agriculture,for breeding new crop varieties with high yield and quality and stress resistance,for developing new type of energy plants,for supplying healthy foods and drugs,reasonably using land and water resources,and for ameliorating environment,making better contribution to the sustainable development of the globe and human being ourselves.

Genomic analysis of epithelial ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is a major health problem for women in the United States. Despite evidence of considerable heterogeneity, most cases of ovarian cancer are treated in a similar fashion. The molecular basis for the clinicopathologic characteristics of these tumors remains poorly defined. Whole genome expression profiling is a genomic tool, which can identify dysregulated genes and uncover unique sub-classes of tumors. The application of this technology to ovarian cancer has provided a solid molecular basis for differences in histology and grade of ovarian tumors. Differentially expressed genes identified pathways implicated in cell proliferation, invasion, motility, chromosomal instability, and gene silencing and provided new insights into the origin and potential treatment of these cancers. The added knowledge provided by global gene expression profiling should allow for a more rational treatment of ovarian cancers. These techniques are leading to a paradigm shift from empirical treatment to an individually tailored approach. This review summarizes the new genomic data on epithelial ovarian cancers of different histology and grade and the impact it will have on our understanding and treatment of this disease.

Prevalence of SLC22A4, SLC22A5 and CARD15 gene mutations in Hungarian pediatric patients with Crohn’s disease

AIM： To investigate the frequency of the common NOD2/CARD15 susceptibility variants and two functional polymorphisms of OCTN cation transporter genes in Hungarian pediatric patients with Crohn＇s disease （CD）. METHODS： A cohort of 19 unrelated pediatric and 55 unrelated adult patients with Crohn＇s disease and 49 healthy controls were studied. Genotyping of the three common CD-associated CARD15 variants （Arg702Trp, Gly908Arg and 2007finsC changes） with the SLC22A4 1672C→T, and SLC22A5 -207G→C mutations was performed by direct sequencing of the specific regions of these genes. RESULTS： At least one CARD15 mutation was present in 52.6% of the children and in 34.5% of the adults compared to 14.3% in controls. Surprisingly, strongly different mutation profile was detected in the pediatric versus adult patients. While the G908R and 1007finsC variants were 18.4% and 21.1% in the pediatric group, they were 1.82% and 11.8% in the adults, and were 1.02% and 3.06% in the controls, respectively. The R702W allele was increased approximately two-fold in the adult subjects, while in the pediatric group it was only approximately 64% of the controls （9.09% in the adults, 2.63% in pediatric patients, and 4.08% in the controls）. No accumulation of the OCTN variants was observed in any patient group versus the controls.CONCLUSION： The frequency of the NOD2/CARD15 susceptibility variants in the Hungarian pediatric CD population is high and the profile differs from the adult CD patients, whereas the results for SLC22A4 and SLC22A5 mutation screening do not confirm the assumption that the carriage of these genotypes means an obligatory susceptibility to CD.

Awareness and Perception of Genetic Modification among Science and Technical Vocational Teachers in Guyana： Focusing on Genetically Modified Foods

A study was conducted to determine the awareness and perception of biotechnology focusing on genetically modified foods among public secondary school science and technical vocational teachers in Guyana. A questionnaire was administered to 228 randomly selected teachers of 42 schools in six administrative regions of Guyana, representing about 90% of the population. The results revealed that there was a low level of awareness among the teachers： those who were knowledgeable about the subject were mainly Biology, Agricultural Science and Integrated Science teachers. Most teachers （almost 90%） indicated that the public is not receiving adequate information about genetically-modified foods and opined that the television should be the main medium to provide information. The study also revealed that teachers felt that ethical, religious and social issues should be considered when applying the technology. This view did not vary based on qualifications, years in the profession or subjects taught. Genetic modification was more acceptable to plant-based than animal-based foods, although they seemed ambivalent as to whether genetically modified foods can be harmful to their health. The implications of these findings are that more teachers in various subject areas should be informed about emerging issues in sciences to enable them to better analyze the subject matter, transfer information to the students, and form attitudes and opinions based on facts.

Single-cell atlas of domestic pig cerebral cortex and hypothalamus

The brain of the domestic pig(Sus scrofa domesticus)has drawn considerable attention due to its high similarities to that of humans.However,the cellular compositions of the pig brain(PB)remain elusive.Here we investigated the single-nucleus transcriptomic profiles of five regions of the PB(frontal lobe,parietal lobe,temporal lobe,occipital lobe,and hypothalamus)and identified 21 cell subpopulations.The cross-species comparison of mouse and pig hypothalamus revealed the shared and specific gene expression patterns at the single-cell resolution.Furthermore,we identified cell types and molecular pathways closely associated with neurological disorders,bridging the gap between gene mutations and pathogenesis.We reported,to our knowledge,the first single-cell atlas of domestic pig cerebral cortex and hypothalamus combined with a comprehensive analysis across species,providing extensive resources for future research regarding neural science,evolutionary developmental biology,and regenerative medicine.

Spotlight on chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cell research and clinical trials in China

T cell mediated adoptive immune response has been characterized as the key to anti-tumor immunity. Scientists around the world including in China, have been trying to harness the power of T cells against tumors for decades. Recently, the biosynthetic chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cell(CAR-T) strategy was developed and exhibited encouraging clinical efficacy, especially in hematological malignancies. Chimeric antigen receptor research reports began in 2009 in China according to our Pub Med search results. Clinical trials have been ongoing in China since 2013 according to the trial registrations on clinicaltrials.gov.. After years of assiduous efforts, research and clinical scientists in China have made their own achievements in the CAR-T therapy field. In this review, we aim to highlight CAR-T research and clinical trials in China, to provide an informative reference for colleagues in the field.

Genealogy and phylogeography of Cyprinid fish Labeo rohita （Hamilton, 1822） inferred from ATPase 6 and 8 mitochondrial DNA gene analysis

ATPase 6/8 gene （842 bp） of mitochondrial DNA was sequenced in Labeo rohita samples （n = 253） collected from nine rivers belonging to four river basins; Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra and Mahanadi. Analysis revealed 44 haplotypes with high haplotype diversity （Hd） 0.694 and low nucleotide diversity （π） 0.001. The within population variation was larger （83.44%） than among population differences （16.56%）. The mean Fsv value （0.166; P 〈 0.05） for overall populations revealed moderate level of genetic structuring in the wild L. rohita populations. The haplotype network presented a single clade for wild L. rohita population, from different rivers. Negative values for Fu＇s index （Fs）, mismatch distribution analysis indicated period of expansion in L. rohita population. The time after recent expansion was estimated for each population, between 0.042 to 0.167 mya. The pattern of Isolation by Distance （IBD） was not significant （r = -0.113, P 〈 0.287）, when all the sampling locations were compared （Mantel test）, however, when an outlier （Indus, Brahmaputra and Mahanadi） was removed from the whole population set, a clear positive correlation between pairwise Fsv and geographic distance （Km） was seen. The analysis of data demonstrated that ATPase6/8 gene polymorphism is a potential marker to understand genetic population structure of wild L. rohita existing in different rivers. The study identified population substructure in wild L. rohita with common ancestral origin [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 460--471, 2014].

Coronavirus: epidemiology, genome replication and the interactions with their hosts

This special issue of the journal is dedicated to the recent progress on coronaviruses and covers the topics of viral epidemiology,virus replication and the interactions between the coronaviruses and their hosts.Members of the family Coronaviridae infect a wide range of vertebrates and humans.

New Trend of Management Science - Managerial Bioengineering System

This article seeks to depict the management science＇s new trend - managerial bioengineering system which is making decisive influence to enterprise management, generalizes the characteristics and categories of managerial gene variation, and brings forward a managerial genome plan with 5-＂All＂： participation of all members, enjoyment of all aspects, accumulation of all time, devotion of all strength and operation of all speed.

Literature and patent analysis of the cloning and identification of human functional genes in China

The Human Genome Project was launched at the end of the 1980s.Since then,the cloning and identification of functional genes has been a major focus of research across the world.In China too,the potentially profound impact of such studies on the life sciences and on human health was realized,and relevant studies were initiated in the 1990s.To advance China's involvement in the Human Genome Project,in the mid-1990s,Committee of Experts in Biology from National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program) proposed the "two 1%" goal.This goal envisaged China contributing 1% of the total sequencing work,and cloning and identifying 1% of the total human functional genes.Over the past 20 years,tremendous achievement has been accomplished by Chinese scientists.It is well known that scientists in China finished the 1% of sequencing work of the Human Genome Project,whereas,there is no comprehensive report about "whether China had finished cloning and identifying 1% of human functional genes".In the present study,the GenBank database at the National Center of Biotechnology Information,the PubMed search tool,and the patent database of the State Intellectual Property Office,China,were used to retrieve entries based on two screening standards:(i) Were the newly cloned and identified genes first reported by Chinese scientists?(ii) Were the Chinese scientists awarded the gene sequence patent? Entries were retrieved from the databases up to the cut-off date of 30 June 2011 and the obtained data were analyzed further.The results showed that 589 new human functional genes were first reported by Chinese scientists and 159 gene sequences were patented(http:gene.fudan.sh.cn/introduction/database/chinagene/chinagene.html).This study systematically summarizes China's contributions to human functional genomics research and answers the question "has China finished cloning and identifying 1% of human functional genes?" in the affirmative.

Genomes and evolutionary genomics of animals

Alongside recent advances and booming applications of DNA sequencing technologies, a great number of complete genome sequences for animal species are available to researchers. Hundreds of animals have been involved in whole genome se- quencing, and at least 87 non-human animal species＇ complete or draft genome sequences have been published since 1998. Based on these technological advances and the subsequent accumulation of large quantity of genomic data, evolutionary genomics has become one of the most rapidly advancing disciplines in biology. Scientists now can perform a number of comparative and evolu- tionary genomic studies for animals, to identify conserved genes or other functional elements among species, genomic elements that confer animals their own specific characteristics and new phenotypes for adaptation. This review deals with the current ge- nomic and evolutionary research on non-human animals, and displays a comprehensive landscape of genomes and the evolution- ary genomics of non-human animals. It is very helpful to a better understanding of the biology and evolution of the myriad forms within the animal kingdom [Current Zoology 59 （1）： 87-98, 2013].