藏传佛教觉囊派学经系统传承研究

觉囊派作为藏传佛教中一个重要的分支,由于自身教法与藏传佛教其他教派之间有一定的分歧,一直处于藏文化的边缘化状态。现阶段通过各方的努力,学界对觉囊派的研究有所升温。本文通过藏文文献和实际调研相结合,分析和总结了藏区觉囊派寺院的教法传承及学经制度。

Optimal configuration of firewall, IDS and vulnerability scan by game theory

The integrated linkage control problem based on attack detection is solved with the analyses of the security model including firewall, intrusion detection system （IDS） and vulnerability scan by game theory. The Nash equilibrium for two portfolios of only deploying IDS and vulnerability scan and deploying all the technologies is investigated by backward induction. The results show that when the detection rates of IDS and vulnerability scan are low, the firm will not only inspect every user who raises an alarm, but also a fraction of users that do not raise an alarm; when the detection rates of IDS and vulnerability scan are sufficiently high, the firm will not inspect any user who does not raise an alarm, but only inspect a fraction of users that raise an alarm. Adding firewall into the information system impacts on the benefits of firms and hackers, but does not change the optimal strategies of hackers, and the optimal investigation strategies of IDS are only changed in certain cases. Moreover, the interactions between IDS ＆ vulnerability scan and firewall ＆ IDS are discussed in detail.

Identification of dynamic systems using support vector regression neural networks

A novel adaptive support vector regression neural network （SVR-NN） is proposed, which combines respectively merits of support vector machines and a neural network. First, a support vector regression approach is applied to determine the initial structure and initial weights of the SVR-NN so that the network architecture is easily determined and the hidden nodes can adaptively be constructed based on support vectors. Furthermore, an annealing robust learning algorithm is presented to adjust these hidden node parameters as well as the weights of the SVR-NN. To test the validity of the proposed method, it is demonstrated that the adaptive SVR-NN can be used effectively for the identification of nonlinear dynamic systems. Simulation results show that the identification schemes based on the SVR-NN give considerably better performance and show faster learning in comparison to the previous neural network method.

New technologies to investigate the brain-gut axis

Functional gastrointestinal disorders are commonly encountered in clinical practice, and pain is their commonest presenting symptom. In addition, patients with these disorders often demonstrate a heightened sensitivity to experimental visceral stimulation, termed visceral pain hypersensitivity that is likely to be important in their pathophysiology. Knowledge of how the brain processes sensory information from visceral structures is still in its infancy. However, our understanding has been propelled by technological imaging advances such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, Magnetoencephalography, and Electroencephalography （EEG）. Numerous human studies have non-invasively demonstrated the complexity involved in functional pain processing, and highlighted a number of subcortical and cortical regions involved. This review will focus on the neurophysiological pathways （primary afferents, spinal and supraspinal transmission）, brainimaging techniques and the influence of endogenous and psychological processes in healthy controls and patients suffering from functional gastrointestinal disorders. Special attention will be paid to the newer EEG source analysis techniques. Understanding the phenotypic differences that determine an individual＇s response to injurious stimuli could be the key to understanding why some patients develop pain and hyperalgesia in response to inflammation/injury while others do not. For future studies, an integrated approach is required incorporating an individual＇s psychological, autonomic, neuroendocrine, neurophysiological, and genetic profile to define phenotypic traits that may be at greater risk of developing sensitised states in response to gut inflammation or injury.

SCENARIOS SIMULATION OF COUPLING SYSTEM BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND ECO-ENVIRONMENT IN JIANGSU PROVINCE BASED ON SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL

By means of ISM (Interpretative Structural Modeling) and SD (System Dynamics) methods, this paper made a system dynamics model of urbanization and eco-environment coupling in Jiangsu Province according to the implication and PSR (Pressure State Response) framework of urbanization and eco-environment coupling. Moreover, five typical scenarios during 2000-2015 have been simulated and analyzed based on the time serial statistical data during 1990-2003 in Jiangsu, which indicates: firstly, there are significant differences between the results and the scenarios, and the five coupling models all have comparative advantages and drawbacks; secondly, in terms of the characteristics and regional development disparities of Jiangsu and the general rule of world urbanization process, this paper reveals that only when either population urbanization model or social urbanization model to be correspondingly adopted, the sustainable development among population, economy, urbanization and eco-environment can be realized.

Comparison of social interaction and neural activation in the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb between Microtus mandarinus and Microtus fortis

To gain insight into the function of AOB and MOB during different social interaction and in different vole species,the behaviors and neural activation of the olfactory bulbs in social interactions of mandarin voles Microtus mandarinus and reed voles Microtus fortis were compared in the present research.Mandarin voles spent significantly more time attacking and sniffing their opponents and sniffing sawdust than reed voles.During same sex encounters,mandarin voles attacked their opponents for a significantly longer time and sniffed its opponent for shorter time compared with male-female interactions.However,no significant behavioral differences were found during encounters of two individual reed voles,regardless of gender composition of the pair.Using c-Fos as an indicator of neural activation,we observed that neural activation was significantly higher in almost all sub-regions of the main olfactory bulb(MOB)and the accessory olfactory bulb(AOB)of mandarin voles compared with reed voles.Numbers of c-Fos-ir neurons in almost all sub-regions of the AOB and the MOB during male-female interactions were also higher than those in interactions of the same sex.Anterior-posterior ratios of Fos-ir neurons in the AOBM(AOBMR)and the AOBG(AOBGR)in male-female interaction were significantly higher than those in interaction of the same sex.The AOBMR of male mandarin voles and reed voles were larger than those of females in male-female interactions.Behavioral patterns are consistent with cellular activity patterns.Consistent level of neural activation in MOB and AOB suggests important roles of both the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb in social interaction in two species.

Modification of Costanza's model of valuing ecosystem services and its application in China

In the past,evaluations of ecosystem functions were mostly based on Costanza's model,whereas the spatial,quality and temporal characteristics of regional ecosystems were not considered in the model.Focusing on these issues,coefficients of regional difference,spatial heterogeneity and willingness-to-pay(WTP)were established to modify Costanza's model,and a new comprehensive valuation model of ecosystem functions is proposed.The analytical results indicate that the comprehensive model could evaluate regional ecosystem functions in China accurately and provide more helpful information for decision-making.The empirical study on Zhangbei County in Hebei Province shows that the intensive human activities could limit the provision of ecosystem functions while the planned ecological programs might promote the restoration of ecosystem functions.

Enteric neuropathology of congenital intestinal obstruction:A case report

Experimental evidence indicates that chronic mechanical sub-occlusion of the intestine may damage the enteric nervous system （ENS）, although data in humans are lacking. We here describe the first case of enteric degenerative neuropathy related to a congenital obstruction of the gut. A 3-year and 9-mo old girl began to complain of vomiting, abdominal distension, constipation with air-fluid levels at plane abdominal radiology. Her subsequent medical history was characterized by 3 operations： the first showed dilated duodeno-jejunal loops in the absence of occlusive lesions; the second （2 years later） was performed to obtain full-thickness biopsies of the dilated intestinal loops and revealed hyperganglionosis at histopathology; the third （9 years after the hyperganglionosis was identified） disclosed a Ladd＇s band which was removed and the associated gut malrotation was corrected. Repeated intraoperative full-thickness biopsies showed enteric degenerative neuropathy along with reduced interstitial cells of Cajal network in dilated loops above the obstruction and a normal neuromuscular layer below the Ladd＇s band. One year after the latest surgery the patient tolerated oral feeding and did well, suggesting that congenital （partial） mechanical obstruction of the small bowel in humans can evoke progressive adaptive changes of the ENS which are similar to those found in animal models of intestinal mechanical occlusion. Such ENS changes mimic neuronal abnormalities observed in intestinal pseudoobstruction.

Interrelations Between Socio-economic Development and Environmental Quality:a Simulation Integrating System Dynamics Models with GIS

System dynamics (SD) theory has long been deployed in modeling complex non-linear interrelationships but, so far it has not been common to do the kind of modeling in support of bringing environmental sustainability policies to practice. This is largely because the challenge of including spatial data has not yet been well met. Potential for adoption of SD and GIS methods in combination is exemplified with the results of a decision-support exercise designed for simulation and prediction of the dynamic inter-relationships between socio-economic development and environmental quality for the "Wen, Pi, Du" county in Sichuan province, southwestern China.

Effects of combined pre- and post-natal protein deprivation on the myenteric plexus of the esophagus of weanling rats:A histochemical,quantitative and ultrastructural study

AIM: To evaluate the effects of protein deprivation on the myenteric plexus of the esophagus of weanling rats. METHODS: Pregnant female Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: nourished (N),receiving normal diet,and undernourished (D),receiving a protein-deprived diet,which continued after birth. At twenty-one days of age,13 esophagi from each group were submitted to light microscopy and morphometrical analysis employing the NADH diaphorase,NADPH diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase techniques. Three other esophagi from each group were evaluated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: In both the NADH- and the NADPH-reactive mounts,the neurons of the N mounts were more intensely stained,while in the D esophagi only the larger neurons were reactive. Many myenteric neurons of N were intensely reactive for AChE activity but only a few neurons of D exhibited these aspects. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the granular reticulum of N showed large numbers of ribosomes aligned on the outer surface of its regularly arranged membrane while the ribosomes of D were disposed in clusters. The chromatin was more homogeneously scattered inside the neuron nucleus of N as well as the granular component of the nucleolus was evidently more developed in this group. Statistically significant differences between N and D groups were detected in the total estimated number of neurons stained by the NADPH technique. CONCLUSION: The morphological and quantitative data shows that feeding with protein-deprived diet in 21-d old rats induces a delay in the development of the myenteric neurons of the esophagus.

Molecular physiology of vesicular glutamate transporters in the digestive system

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Packaging and storage of glutamate into glutamatergic neuronal vesicles require ATP-dependent vesicular glutamate uptake systems, which utilize the electrochemical proton gradient as a driving force. Three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1-3) have been recently identified from neuronal tissue where they play a key role to maintain the vesicular glutamate level. Recently, it has been demonstrated that glutamate signaling is also functional in peripheral neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, and occurs in sites of pituitary, adrenal, pineal glands, bone, GI tract, pancreas,skin, and testis. The glutamate receptors and VGLUTs in digestivesystem have been found in both neuronal and endocrinal cells. The glutamate signaling in the digestive system may have significant relevance to diabetes and GI tract motility disorders. This review will focus on the most recent update of molecular physiology of digestive VGLUTs.

System resource constraint theory

The System Resource Constraint Theory intends to research growth of economy under different classes of system resource constraint. By analogy between ecology system and economic system, from the angle of total nature resource, total supply ability and total market volume, the theory focuses on the constraint condition and development characteristic of economy as well as the various game characteristics among economies such as independence, competition, and joint competition. According to the math deduction, the author finds that Logistic model is relative with Marthus＇s model and Zero-growth model.

Modeling water and carbon fluxes above summer maize field in North China Plain with back-propagation neural networks

In this work, datasets of water and carbon fluxes measured with eddy covariance technique above a summer maize field in the North China Plain were simulated with artificial neural networks (ANNs) to explore the fluxes responses to local environmental variables. The results showed that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature (T) and leaf area index (LAI) were primary factors regulating both water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes. Three-layer back-propagation neural networks (BP) could be applied to model fluxes exchange between cropland surface and atmosphere without using detailed physiological information or specific parameters of the plant.

Regional Innovation System: Theoretical Approach and Empirical Study of ChinaAPPROACH AND EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CHINA

Regional innovation system (RIS) is the new research field of modern economicgeography in the age of knowledge economy. Based on the researches of regional economic geography,the authors of the paper consider RIS as the integrated and interactive systems with innovationmilieu, elements, units, structure and functions. Five aspects of evaluation indicators includinginnovation input scale and output scale, innovation milieu transition, innovation inner operation,as well as innovation outer impact are worked out for final indicators of RIS scale and quality.According to different RIS situations, three patterns of independent, imitative and cooperativedevelopment are put forward for choosing. At the latter part of the paper, we select 12 provincialregions (including three municipalities and one autonomous region) of China for empirical study. Theresults show that there exists great difference among each region from the aspects of innovationscale and quality mainly owning to the diversification of RIS social and economic milieu, the majorinnovative units of enterprises, universities and R&D institutes. Finally, the paper points out theinnovation development decisions for each region.

An Intelligent Neural Networks System for Adaptive Learning and Prediction of a Bioreactor Benchmark Process

The adaptive learning and prediction of a highly nonlinear and time-varying bioreactor benchmark process is studied using Neur-On-Line, a graphical tool kit for developing and deploying neural networks in the G2 real time intelligent environment,and a new modified Broyden, Fletcher, Goldfarb, and Shanno （BFGS） quasi-Newton algorithm. The modified BFGS algorithm for the adaptive learning of back propagation （BP） neural networks is developed and embedded into NeurOn-Line by introducing a new search method of learning rate to the full memory BFGS algorithm. Simulation results show that the adaptive learning and prediction neural network system can quicklv track the time-varving and nonlinear behavior of the bioreactor.

A SYSTEM DYNAMICS APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIYUN RESERVOIR AREA, CHINA

Miyun Reservoir was designated as the water source of Beijing City in 1982. Since that time, socio economic development in Miyun Area has been slowing due to the restriction of severe environmental standards. More and more attention from the public and government has been paid to the regional sustainable development. And an effective planning for the local society management system is urgently desired. In this study, a regional sustainable development system dynamics model, named MiyunSD, is developed for supporting this planning task. MiyunSD consists of dynamic simulation models that explicitly consider information feedback that governs interactions in the system. Such models are capable of simulating the system′s behavior and predicting its developing situation of the future. For the study case, interactions among a number of system components within a time frame of fifteen years are examined dynamically. Three planning alternatives are carefully considered. The base run is based on an assumption that the existing pattern of human activities will prevail in the entire planning horizon, and the other alternatives are based on previous and present planning studies. The different alternatives will get different system′s environmental and socio economic results. Through analyzing these dynamic results, local authorities may find an optimal way to realize the objectives that the regional environment will be well protected and at the same time the economy will be rapidly developed.

The Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Symptoms after the Successful Treatment of the Pineal Germinoma： A Case Report

We report here, a young male patients referred with ＂Obsessive Compulsive Disorder＂ symptoms which emerged after the successful treatment of pineal germinoma. OCD （obsessive-compulsive disorder） is a frequent, chronic, and clinically disorder which may presents in several neurologic disorders, especially occurs, in early adult life. Essential features of OCD are obsessional thoughts, compulsive acts as the ritualistic behavior, anxiety, and specific cognitive impairments. The cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder isn＇t fully understood. One of the many theories of the pathophysioiogy about to OCD is includes with hyperactivity in certain subcortical and cortical regions of brain also, dysfunction of the cortico-striatal circuits, particularly implicated in orbitofrontal cortices and basal ganglions. Additionally, pineal gland functioning is remarkable for the mental health disorders, particularly in OCD. On the basis of the investigations to present case report, we discussed the probable reasons of OCD symptoms, emphasizing the role of pathophysiology including the cortico subcortical pathways in genesis of the symptoms.

Effects of Industrial Relocation on Chinese Regional Economic Growth Disparities: Based on System Dynamics Modeling

The economic growth of China has led to increasing growth disparities between regions. Such disparities are uncontrolled and are severely negative symptoms in the process of economic development. On the basis of system dynamics(SD) modeling and the relationship between industrial relocation and regional economic growth, we construct a model of the interrelationship between the two aforementioned phenomena. The model is an effective and creative exploration for examining effects of industrial relocation on Chinese regional economic growth disparities. The SD model is employed in this study to build an inter-regional labor migration SD model, an inter-regional capital migration SD model, an intra-industry SD model, an intra-regional population SD model, and an intra-regional SD model which are based on realities in labor and capital flow from the view of industrial relocation. VENSIM software is utilized to perform a system simulation based on the data of the eastern, middle, and western regions from 2000 to 2010. Results show that industrial relocation gradually narrows the relative disparity in GDP among the three regions. Moreover, the absolute one is enlarged continuously. The absolute and relative disparities in per capita GDP among eastern, middle, and western regions generally exhibit decreasing trends.

Rational scale of urban rail transit network based on system dynamics

Urban rail transit(URT) has been playing an important role in urban sustainable development with its advantages of high speed,large capacity,high efficiency and low pollution.Estimating URT network scale is the key to ensure the scientificity and feasibility of its construction.The existing studies on rational scale of URT network have not dealt with the interaction of supply and demand.This paper describes the establishment of a system dynamics model of rational URT network scale determination,considering the interaction between URT construction and city social economic development as well as the dynamic equilibrium of capital supply and traffic demand,and the verification of the model validity by applying it to the case of Wuhan City's URT construction.

Model for the Vaccination against the Poliomyelitis

The poliomyelitis is an acute infection produced by the polio virus that affects the human central nervous system. It is transmitted by fecal-oral and respiratory contact.There are two types of vaccine, OPV （live attenuated virus） and IPV （inactivated polio virus）. Currently, there is a plan of vaccination until the age of 5 with OPV. The children vaccinated expel a virus （derived from the vaccine） to the environment, and some of the people that have oral contact with them, get vaccinated by the herd behavior. Nevertheless, taking into account the lately observed facts about the reversion to virulence of the oral polio vaccine during its circulation in the environment, a change in the current vaccination schedule is being contemplated, where the oral polio vaccine can be replaced by the inactivated vaccine. Nowadays, In Colombia the inactivated oral polio vaccine is recommended for children presenting immune deficiency who are vaccinated with IPV. These children do not expel poliovirus to the environment. This work presents a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of the infection in a population where the two types of vaccination are carried out. The population is divided into two groups of age and Michaelis-Menten interactions. Different strategies of vaccination are simulated and analyzed.