《黄帝宅经》的居宅伦理奥义探论

中华民族自古就有对居宅伦理文化的重视与求索。“宅兹中国”在文明中国价值谱系中始终占据本源的地位。安土重迁和重视家居生活的中华民族对屋宅有着更执着的追求与眷恋。作为现存最早最完整的宅经,《黄帝宅经》综合了诸多史传的宅典,融汇了道家、阴阳家的思想,还糅合了儒家关于人伦规范、人格修养的思想。其宅论将住宅置于天道的宇宙论形上背景中,使它成为沟通天地人神的现实环节,以及建构家庭人伦行为准则的最直观模式。进而,在对“人宅相扶”人居环境生态的理想勾画中,通过宅之善与人之善的相互成就,确证家人、家族的平安幸福,实现天地人神四重关系的共生共鸣。

A preliminary sustainability assessment of innovative rainwater harvesting for residential properties in the UK

Rainwater harvesting RWH has yet to see significant uptake in UK households primarily due to a lack of innovation in residential RWH system types.This ppa er presents the results of per liminary investigations into a range of traditional and innovative residential-scale RWH systems. These systems are examined using a patent application search informal interviews with industry professionals cost-benefit analysis and a simple multi criteria analysis MCA .The latter examines the sustainability of the systems based on a priori social economic and ne vironmenat l criteria.Two of the innovative systems are subject to a more detailed analysis and benchmarked agains ta rt aditional system.Results of the MCA indicate that the innovative RWH systems achieve better sustainability scores than the traditional RWH with a lower capital cost.Further research is focused on monitoring the identified systems to generate empir cal datasets in order to undertake the WLC/LCAs and to identify challenges associated with installation.

Integrated Open Source Design for Architecture in High-Density Housing Practice

High-density housing can be interpreted as collections of individual units, which inevitably results in the dilemma between the global standardization designed by architects and local customization implemented by users. However, it is impossible to reflect the users＇ various needs in the conceptual design stage for high-density housing because of the economic, industrial and time constrains. In response to this challenge, this research paper outlines a different high-density housing design approach that can adopt users＇ individual customization in the conceptual design stage during the housing design practice. Hence, the design process would be an open-ended evolutionary and transparent process rather than deterministic executions as we have now in most high-density cities, such as Hong Kong. In order to overcome the deficiency in addressing future uncertainties of different users and address the issues of one-off developments without iterating users＇ feedback in the housing practice, this essay proposes IOSDA （integrated open source design for architecture） for the design practice of high-density housing, through collective data and parametric connectivity between users and architects. IOSDA reflects a different design attitude towards the future, i.e., to shift from architects＇ heroic prediction of the future to collective engagement of the present with more robust capacities for new possibilities.

An estimation approach for dividable multiattribute utility of housing via questionnaires of consumers’ ordinal multicriteria preferences

Compared with ordinary commercial products, housing has many special characteristics including the multi-function characteristic. How to evaluate the multi-functional nature of housing is very useful in both theory and in application, yet it is often ignored in China. This paper introduces an approach to estimate the multicriteria function of housing using multiattribute utility theory (MAUT) based on consumers’ ordinal multicriteria preferences as determined via questionnaires. When compared with the classic framework in which MAUT is applied, this approach needs less prior information and subjective comparisons and thus can allay many of the operational difficulties involved in assessment. Some potential applications to the China housing market are also discussed.

Evaluating Economic and Environmental Benefits of Integrating Solar Photovoltaics within Future Residential Buildings in Saudi Arabia

Renewable energy options, including solar power, are becoming increasingly viable alternatives to conventional sources of energy, such as oil, coal and natural gas. Solar Photovoltaic （PV） technology is one type of solar energy technologies that has recently received substantial attention because it offers the possibility of providing clean power sources for buildings. The aim of this paper is to examine the economic viability of using solar PV within future residential buildings in the oil-rich Saudi Arabia. Strictly speaking, the prospects of using the PV in order to provide 10% of the electricity to be consumed in the houses, which are going to be built in Sandi Arabia over the period 2010-2025, are examined. The study reveals that significant economic and environmental benefits could be realized as a result of such an endeavor.

Clues for Architectural Education： Flexibility in Traditional and Modern Turkish House

Traditional Turkish house which characterized with its original shape of the room, plan layout, construction and roof forms has two main spaces as ＂sofa＂ （common space） and the ＂room＂ differentiate it from the houses in different geographies. The flexibility of the room in traditional Turkish house is characterized with its fixed-in-furniture, which supplies all necessities of a person in a house. This paper will discuss the similarities and differences in use of space between traditional Turkish houses and today＇s flats in apartments. The comprehensions will be made through the field works on traditional houses and with the projects of architecture students in Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanhul. The concept of the students＇ projects is redesigning their own houses. Since the students come from different regions of Turkey, their houses have both similar and different spatial characteristics. Whether the cultural identity of the user plays a role in use of living space will be discussed. The aim of this study is to put the relation between the past and today＇s use of interior spaces of Turkish houses.

Research on the Significance and Approaches of Productive Landscape Introduced in Residential Districts

With the urbanization increasingly advancing at a high speed, a large number of farmlands have been turned into building lands, which leads the urban-rural conflicts more and more evident than before. Introducing the concept of productive landscape into residential districts, could relieve the contradiction between agricultural land and urban construction land, improve the modern lifestyle, provide a new perspective of landscape design philosophy. In this paper, based on the analysis of the present situation of residential green space, the significance and approaches of productive landscape in residential areas have been put forward, and suggestions of daily management and countermeasures about agricultural pollution problem have also been given.

Evaluation of C02 Reduction and Primary Energy Savings for Collective Housing with Fuel Cells Considering Variability in Demand

In Japan, residential FCs （fuel cells） are being introduced not only in detached houses but also in collective housing. In this context, the effects of FC introduction （e.g., primary energy savings） should be quantitatively evaluated, but this has not been done sufficiently for collective housing, particularly with regard to demand variability. Here, the authors propose a method taking into account demand variability to evaluate the effects of FC introduction into collective housing, based on a finite set of observational demand data. The method provides a new viewpoint for evaluating the effects of FC introduction. Numerical simulation results based on real-world data indicate the validity of these effects in terms of primary energy savings and CO2 reduction considering demand variability.

Seasonal coolth storage system for residential buildings in Australia

Night sky cooling is explored as an alternative to the conventional cooling technologies using fossil fuels. The night sky cooling method is based on the long wave radiation of unglazed collectors to the sky at night. An evaluation of the night sky cooling system is present for a residential building in three cities of Australia, namely Alice Springs, Darwin and Melbourne. The system comprises an unglazed flat plate solar collector integrated with borehole storage. It uses night sky radiation to reduce the temperature of the ground near to the boreholes. The system was simulated with TRNSYS, a transient simulation program. The simulation results for adequately sized systems show that night sky radiation is able to reduce the coolth storage borehole temperature and the proposed system is able to meet the cooling load of the residential building simulated in three locations. Borchole lengths of 270, 318 and 106 m are required for coolth storage with 90, 260 and 14 m2 collector area for heat rejection in Alice Springs, Darwin and Melbourne, respectively. At the 20th simulation year, the proposed system is able to achieve a system cooling coefficient of performance of 2.2 in Alice Springs, and 2.8 in Darwin and Melbourne.

Residential Revitalization through the Universal Heuristic Evaluation Model （UHEM）

The study aims to propose using a universal heuristic evaluation model （UHEM） to improve the functional and physical performance of residential buildings. Since, ＂everyone should be able to enter and use any part of the built environment as independently and naturally as possible＂, the old buildings should be revitalized with respect to an inclusive approach. However, research on current design practice showed that there is a lack of systematic evaluation and revitalization methods. Hence, the main objective of the proposed UHEM model is to evaluate existing residential environments and requalify them with respect to an inclusive approach. The study concludes by highlighting the importance of UHEM from two points of view： （i） the importance of a systematic evaluation approach to effectively deal with the challenge of requalifying the residential environments and （ii） the designers＇ key role during the revitalization process.

Multivariable fuzzy control of residential inverter-driven air conditionings

A model free intelligent muhivariable fuzzy controller （MFC） designed for modulating the vapor compression cycles in a residential inverter-driven air conditioning is proposed. The novel controller combines a traditional fuzzy controller （TFC） and an additional coupling fuzzy controller, the coupling fuzzy controller is introduced to compensate for the unknown cross-coupling effects of this muhivariable system. In order to evaluate the control performance of the MFC, it is digitally implemented in terms of regulating the desired evaporating temperature and superheat. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the MFC for improvement of system performance and energy efficiency.

What the Hell Am I Doing Here？ A Look at a Series of Geriatric Centers, Profile of the Institutionalized Persons and Reasons for Admission

The main objective of this study was always to know the profile of the institutionalized people in our environment, to know their reality： age, age of admission, level of dependency and evolution during their stay, years of stay, number of children, reason for admission. We use data from more than 600 patients from different residences of different backgrounds： public and private, lay and religious, rural and urban. We performed a descriptive study expressing the results in percentages with standard deviation and later evaluated the statistical significance of the differences using the student＇s t-test for the quantitative and Chi-square variables to compare qualitative variables. The results of the study are numerous and of diverse nature, because of their extension, from the general profile of the resident, to the important gender differences, attributed in principle to the different roles of each gender in the studied generations. There are also differences depending on the funding, the reason for admission or the environment. This is at the end only the beginning of a large comparative study with non-institutionalized population, in order to compare this population.

Study of the relationship between average prices of residential properties and selected economic factors in the years 2000-2002 in Szczecin

The article presents the development unemployment and interest rates against the average of important economic variables such as GDP dynamics, transaction prices in one of the local property markets in Poland in the years 2000-2002. The strength, direction and time delay of the relationships between these variables and transaction prices have been considered during the only period of decline in property prices in the years 2000-2002. The specified relationships have been described using linear regression equations.

Design Drivers for Affordable and Sustainable Housing in Developing Countries

Current demand for housing worldwide has reached unprecedented levels due to factors such as human population growth, natural disasters and conflict. This is felt no more so than in developing countries which have experienced disproportionate levels of demand due to their innate vulnerability. Many current approaches to housing delivery in developing countries continue to utilize inappropriate construction methods and implementation procedures that are often problematic and unsustainable. As such affordability and sustainability are now vital considerations in the international development debate for housing the poor in developing countries in order to meet the long term sustainable development goals and needs of housing inhabitants. This paper utilized an extensive scoping study to examine the various facets impacting on design decision making relative to sustainable and affordable housing delivery in developing country contexts. Aspects of affordability, sustainability, design decision making, appropriate technology use, cultural awareness, as well as current barriers to affordable and sustainable construction in developing countries are examined in detail. Results highlighted the capability of indigenous knowledge, skills and materials as well as selected appropriate technology transfer and cultural awareness by foreign bodies can be utilized in innovative ways in addressing current housing needs in many developing country contexts.

Fuel Poverty and Comfort in Modern Residential Apartments in Developing Countries： A Case from Jordan

Energy is one of the most important resources in the economy of developing countries. Jordan depends mainly on imported oil and gas at international prices. This creates a heavy burden upon Jordanian national economy, which is reflected in the same time on other sectors of the Jordanian society. The ever increasing fuel prices make it very necessary to look for new renewable energy resources. Jordan as a developing country with its fast growing urban development and construction projects will be studied. It is worthy to study the dynamic relationship between end user, fuel and comfort in the residential sector. Energy is a chronic problem in Jordan, due to lack of non renewable energy resources, the end consumer is influenced by this fact, in achieving his basic energy needs. This study tries to shed light on the fuel poverty line, definitions and parameters of fuel poverty. And to study what has been done in this regard on both international and local level. No studies have been identified in Jordan which, explore the problem of fuel poverty, especially after the vast and recent increase in fuel prices internationally and locally. This study will follow theoretical and field survey to understand the relationship between comfort, energy and building fabric. Method will depend mainly on field survey and statistical data, and necessary measurements, questionnaires will be adopted when necessary to explore comfort levels related to fuel consumption. Summary and recommendations will be concerned with how thermal comfort could be achieved within the ranges of fuel accessibility, building fabric, minimum pollution and cost.

Adaptive Thermal Comfort for Occupants of Low-Cost Dwellings in a Hot Dry Climate

Adaptive models are based on the observation that there are some actions that people can and actually do take to achieve thermal comfort. Studies regarding thermal comfort conditions in economical dwellings were carried out simultaneously in seven Mexican cities, corresponding to warm dry and warm humid climates. In this article, case studies of low-cost dwellings in the city of Hermosillo （in northwest Mexico）, are presented and analyzed. Field surveys were carried out to obtain information about the physical characteristics of the dwellings and their occupants, as well as the indoor thermal environment. Neutral temperature was obtained from the applied survey. The high neutral temperature reveals the effect of inhabitants＇ adaptation mechanism to extreme climates. Occupant comfort votes as a function of indoor air temperatures were analyzed, and different characteristics such as age, size and gender were evaluated separately. The results show the variability of the neutral temperature and the tolerance to temperature changes, depending on the population＇s specific characteristics. In many cases where the population does not have access to artificial acclimatization devices, the neutral temperature values for specific climates and people can inform architects when choosing the most suitable thermal strategies for building design.

乡村民居住宅前环境设计研究

湖北省鄂州市涂家垴镇公友村链接鄂州、大冶的交通要道,随着“禁渔令”的发布,当地经济衰落导致大量劳动力流失,留守老人、妇孺居多,乡 村缺乏活力与生机,村庄空心化、农户空巢化。建筑年代久远、风格迥异、质量差、功能单一、布局分散、不规范、不合理、细部附属设施为违章搭建, 环境不协调、景观杂乱、形式化严重。住宅环境安全舒适性差、村民对家乡缺乏归属感。此次的选题主要是继承和总结前人的成果,从使用者心理角度度 出发,研究乡村振兴战略下的湖北省鄂州市涂家垴镇公友村农村群落住宅前环境设计,就是要从人的情感体验出发,增加宅前空间的私密感与半开敞感, 同时也要注意人得视觉感受,提高环境的整体协调感,从而提高人的归属感。本次课题主要内容是研究乡村住宅前环境改造,处理好住宅与宅前空间的私 密性与公共性,增加村民的归属感,协调环境整体性,将重点设计宅前环境及住宅立面,并希望在空间布局和材料搭配运用上有所突破。