先秦两汉空间观与权力的空间化——从“空”、“宇”、“天”的语义演变到“天下”观念的构建

考察"空"、"宇"、"天"等与传统中国空间观念密切相关的汉字在先秦时期的造字本义和语义演变以及先秦两汉关于"天"及"天下"的观念建构,可以发现,先秦两汉空间观的发生与发展经历了一个从具象实践到抽象理论再到权力表征的发展转换过程。在这一过程中,秩序逐渐被纳入空间认知中,空间秩序、空间关系逐渐成为权力的表征,尤其自秦汉始,权力的空间化不仅体现为帝制中国的疆域扩张,亦表现为日常生活实践中的空间秩序,并深刻影响了艺术创作尤其是传统文学、绘画艺术的基本内容、表现方式乃至审美批评。

Comparative Analysis of Microwave Brightness Temperature Data in Northeast China Using AMSR-E and MWRI Products

With such significant advantages as all-day observation, penetrability and all-weather coverage, passive mi-crowave remote sensing technique has been widely applied in the research of global environmental change. As the sat-ellite-based passive microwave remote sensor, the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing Sys-tem (AMSR-E) loaded on NASA's (National Aeronautics and Space Administration of USA) Aqua satellite has been popularly used in the field of microwave observation. The Microwave Radiation Imager (MWRI) loaded on the Chi-nese FengYun-3A (FY-3A) satellite is an AMSR-E-like conical scanning microwave sensor, but there are few reports about MWRI data. This paper firstly proposed an optimal spatial position matching algorithm from rough to exact for the position matching between AMSR-E and MWRI data, then taking Northeast China as an example, comparatively analyzed the microwave brightness temperature data derived from AMSR-E and MWRI. The results show that when the antenna footprints of the two sensors are filled with either full water, or full land, or mixed land and water with ap-proximate proportion, the errors of brightness temperature between AMSR-E and MWRI are usually in the range from -10 K to +10 K. In general, the residual values of brightness temperature between the two microwave sensors with the same spatial resolution are in the range of ±3 K. Because the spatial resolution of AMSR-E is three times as high as that of MWRI, the results indicate that the quality of MWRI data is better. The research can provide useful information for the MWRI data application and microwave unmixing method in the future.

Space Drive Propulsion Principle from the Aspect of Cosmology

This paper describes the propulsion principle using the concept of space drive and the pressure of the field induced by local rapid expansion of space based on the latest cosmology. Assuming that space vacuum is an infinite continuum, the propulsion principle utilizes the pressure field derived from the geometrical structure of space, by applying both continuum mechanics and general relativity to space. The propulsive force is a pressure thrust that arises from the interaction of space-time around the spaceship external environment and the spaceship itself; the spaceship is propelled by the pressure used against the space-time structure. As is well known in cosmology, the expansion rule of the universe is governed by the Friedman＇s equations and the Robertson-Walker metric. In this time, the propulsion principle of space drive is introduced from another angle （cosmology）, that is, the pressure of the field induced by local expansion of space is completely considered in the propulsion principle.

State Space-Time and Four States of Universe

All things in the universe possess a state and characteristics of state, resultantly in presence of space-time, which is perceived by human beings. An outlook of space-time is shaped in human by perceiving the existence and change of objects. The state space is all state characteristics exhibited in objects whilst the state time refers to the duration of an object＇s state. The time is a spatial property and not an independent dimension. The state space-time is a unity of internal and external space-time. The internal space-time is stemmed from the overall internal forces and internal energies and is a covert space-time. The external space-time refers to a space-time manifested by the external characteristics and movement of an object and is an overt space-time. In physics, there are four kinds of forces and four state space-times： bonding force and three-dimensional space-time; strong interaction of exchangeable n meson and two-dimensional space-time; quark confinement and one-dimensional space-time; and weak interaction and zero-dimensional space-time. The universe is constituted by dissimilar state space-times. Newton space-time is a three-dimensional state space-time; Einstein＇s theory of relativity is a two-dimensional state space-time. Newton and Einstein were different observers. Temporal and spatial perception of human is dependent upon human＇s intemal energy and quality. Through Qigong exercises, the human is able to enter the three-dimensional, two-dimensional, one-dimensional and zero-dimensional space-times. The relativity theory of human body will solve the time problems at the interplanetary voyage of astronauts.

A Space Propulsion Principle Brought about by Locally-Expanded Space

As is well known in cosmology, inflationary universe which shows rapid expansion of space is based on the phase transition of the vacuum exhibited by the Weinberg-Salam model of the electroweak interaction. The vacuum has the property of a phase transition, just like water may become ice and vice versa. This shows that a vacuum possesses a substantial physical structure. The expansion rule of the universe is governed by the Friedmann equations and the Robertson-Walker metric. We explored another possibility of a space propulsion principle where the locally rapid expanding space generates the thrust, using the cosmology. In this paper, space propulsion principle is introduced from another angle （cosmology）, that is, the pressure of the field induced by local expansion of space is completely considered in the propulsion principle.

Multiverse Spacetime

A theological train of reasoning is avoided in this paper. The properties of the equal operator presented earlier by Alnobani are given here. A view of the present time is given. As a consequence of the presence of time state, the verses are arranged in couples and every verse including in which we live is a live verse in the same context of human life. This paper interferes with and changes the procedures and philosophy of mathematics itself. Space, mass and time are parts of one whole which is called simply time. The aim of this paper is to make the knowledge of its subject public, so other researchers can contribute to it. The concept of a gate between verses is investigated.

Aerospace

China Council for the Promotion of International Trade Aerospace Sub-council,established in 1994, is the sub-council of CCPIT in aerospace industry, and operates under the direct leadership and man- agement of China Aerospace Science & Industry

Bianchi-Type II String Cosmological Models with Bulk Viscosity

The locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi-type II string cosmological models with bulk viscosity are obtained, where an equation of state, , and a relation between metric potentials, , are adopted. The physical features of the models are also discussed. In special cases the model reduces to the string models without viscosity that was previously given in the literatures.

Seismic Theory of Tides; Theory of Forced Seismic Waves

Proceeding from the statement about presence of the normal resilient medium in the cosmic space, the author concludes seismic nature of tides and a number of other aspects of this phenomenon. The analysis of contradiction of the theory of tsunami to empiric facts led the author to conclude that the tsunami are forced and not free waves, and that the key moment in their distribution is the seismic compression of water.

The foundation and analysis of polarized magnetic system’s unified mathematical model in aerospace electromagnetic relay

Polarized magnetic system has a series of features, such as small volume, light weight, low power consumption, high sensitivity, quick movement and so on, widely used in the products of the military aerospace electromagnetic relay. The typical polarized magnetic system has mainly four structures and its simplified equivalent magnetic circuits model is the base of the design of the electromagnetic relay with permanent magnet. In the past, the analysis method that people used was difficult to build the unified mathematical models, which divided the work gap magnetic flux into "permanent magnet flux" and "electromagnetic flux". Based on the analysis method of the work gap magnetic voltage, this paper founds the unified mathematical model of the polarized magnetic system and divides the attractive torque into permanent magnet torque, polarized torque and electromagnetic torque through the energy balance formula. It analyses the influence of permanent magnet sizes on permanent magnet torque, polarized torque and electromagnetic torque through the energy balance formula and the conclusions can direct the design of aerospace electromagnetic relay with permanent magnet.

ADM Mass for Asymptotically de Sitter Space-Time

In this paper,an ADM mass formula for asymptotically de Sitter(dS) space-time is derived from theenergy-momentum tensor.We take the vacuum dS space as the background and investigate the ADM mass of the(d + 3)-dimensional sphere-symmetric space with a positive cosmological constant,and find that the ADM mass ofasymptotically dS space is based on the ADM mass of Schwarzschild field and the cosmological background brings somesmall mass contribution as well.

Recent Progress in JAXA Project of Boiling Two-Phase Flow Experiment onboard ISS

The amount of waste heat in a space facility became larger, because of increase in the space platform size and its power consumption. It requires development of high-performance space thermal management systems handling a large amount of waste. Boiling two-phase flow could become powerful means for this system because a boiling and condensation system is one of the most efficient modes of heat transfer due to phase change （liquid-vapor）. However, gravity effects on boiling two-phase flow phenomena and the corresponding heat transfer characteristics are not clear. Therefore, we prepare the experiments of boiling two-phase flow utilizing a long-term microgravity environment onboard a Japanese Experimental Module ＂KIBO＂ in the International Space Station （ISS） as one of the JAXA official projects. In this paper, recent progress of the preparation for the project is reported.

Generalization Rough Set Theory

In order to avoid the discretization in the classical rough set theory, a generlization rough set theory is proposed. At first, the degree of general importance of an attribute and attribute subsets are presented. Then, depending on the degree of general importance of attribute, the space distance can be measured with weighted method. At last, a generalization rough set theory based on the general near neighborhood relation is proposed. The proposed theory partitions the universe into the tolerant modules, and forms lower approximation and upper approximation of the set under general near neighborhood relationship, which avoids the discretization in Pawlak's rough set theory.

Cosmic—Ray Deficit from the Directions of the moon and the Sun Detected with the Tibet Air Shower Array

Data from the Tibet air shower array were used to examine the cosmic ray shadows of the Moon and the Sun at energies around 10Tev.The shadowing effect was clearly observed at the 5.8level for the Moon,while the shadow of the Sun was found in the direction away from the sun by 0.86°tothe west and 0.43°to the south.The effect of the geomagnetic field has also been observed in the shadow of cosmic rays by the Moon.The observed deflection of the sun’s shadow is briefly discussed in connection with the effect of the magnetic fields between the sun and the Earth.This is the first observation of the effects of such magnetic fields on the cosmic ray shadow.The maximum-likelihood analysis of the Moon data set shows that the angular resolutions of the array for showers with its mode energies 7TeVand 35TeV are 0.87°-0.13°+0.10°and 0.54°-0.08°+0.11°,respectively.

Space, Time, and the Creation of Universe

The understanding about the creation of our universe is explored in many philosophies, natural sciences, religions, ideologies, traditions, and disciplines. Current natural science cannot answer this question at the fundamental level. In this work, we combine the ancient Chinese Tao wisdom about the creation with quantum physics. We propose that everything comes from the emptiness. Our universe is manifested from the emptiness through two pairs of duality measurements： space and time duality pair and inclusion and exclusion duality pair. From this understanding, we are able to derive one mathematic formula describing our universe. It also yields a new metaphysical approach to derive and interpret string theory as well as produce more testable predictions from string theory. This work gives a new way to understand and mathematically describe how our universe is created and evolved. It provides another way to comprehend the meaning and function of space and time. It indicates that our universe is manifested from the emptiness through human actions. Space and time is a pair of duality action and codes that help manifest our universe. It provides answer to an important philosophical question about whether and why we can understand and mathematically describe our universe.

From the Perspective of Eternity

This is a partial history of the literary topos ＂sub specie aetemitatis＂. The Latin phrase means ＂from the perspective of eternity＂. Eternity is the way God sees the universe, not as a succession of moments in time from past, to present, to future, but as a simultaneous present which includes the past and future as if they are already and always present. This temporal simultaneity is accompanied by a spatial totality and simultaneity. In both Chaucer and Dante the protagonist ends life＇s wanderings and struggles by being carried up into the heavens and looking back on earth from the point of view of eternity. Their literary source is Maerobius＇ Commentary on the Dream of Scipio and Boethius＇ The Consolation of Philosophy. The vision results in epistemological transformation that provides consolation or ＂contemptus mundi＂, the rejection of earthly concems. The ＂sub specie aetemitatis＂ vision is both a revelation of the nature of the universe, time, and the protagonist＇s place in them and a disillusionment that radically changes the protagonist＇s understanding. The work of literature and the reading of it are potentially transformational. For the pagan lover Toilus in Chaucer＇s Troilus and Criseyde the ＂sub specie aeternitatis＂ vision results in religious conversion as well as epistemological transformation. Boethius, whom Chaucer translated, offers an analogue to the vision in the way humans perceive a sphere through their senses and reason. Dante＇s version of the vision in Paradiso xxxiii is the most famous literary example as the protagonist＇s vision merges with the vision of God as an intense ray of light. The conversion and consolation associated with the ＂sub specie aetemitatis＂ vision takes cosmic dimension in Dante. A modem example is Jorge Luis Borges＇ parody of Dante in his story ＂The Aleph＂ where a satiric vision takes place not in the heavens but in the basement of the house in Buenos Aires. In Cervantes＇ Don Quixote the ＂sub specie aetemitatis＂ trope is present by its deliberate omission, and yet performs the functions of epistemological conversion, transformation, and consolation in Don Quixote＇s death. One brief sleep and Don Quixote passes from dreaming （in Borges＇ sense of the word） a reality from the fantasy of his books of chivalry to a tree reality, similar to the conversion Troilus experiences from the sorrow of love to the pure felicity of heaven. With Don Quixote and the realist novel the ＂sub specie aetemitatis＂ vision may seem bound for extinction, at least with its cosmological apparatus of heavenly spheres, but it finds new form in the ending of Gabriel Garcia Marquez＇s One Hundred Years of Solitude. The final reading of Melquiades＇s parchments reveals that the sequential events of the novel exist as if in a simultaneous moment, like God＇s eternity, embracing all time and space in one, before the vision vanishes forever.

Contemporary Medical Qigong： Introduction to Holo-Cosmic Qigong

The word of “qi” means the air. That is the breathing air exercise of changing air for the body. The oxygen is breathed in and the carbon dioxide is going out. It is including lute style breathing, lower part breathing, skin breathing, acupuncture points breathing, baby breathing, etc. Also, there is breathing in long and out, short, one in and three out, counting number, etc. There are so many different kinds method and the effect or result will be totally different. So, we call it helping-life at ancient. It had a completed human medical theory for fundamental to make the life freedom and living colorful.

Evaluation of AMSR-E——Derived Soil Moisture over Northern China

In this study,the authors evaluated two re-motely sensed surface soil moisture datasets derived from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer of the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) over northern China.The soil moisture datasets were derived from algorithms developed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and jointly developed by the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (VUA-NASA).The NSIDC and VUA-NASA products were compared to in situ soil moisture data from nine enhanced coordinated observation stations.The VUA-NASA dataset presented a strong correlation with top layer in situ soil moisture observations,and the correla-tion coefficients ranged from 0.34 to 0.73 (p<0.01).The correlation coefficients decreased as the observed soil layer depth increased.The correlation coefficients be-tween the NSIDC retrievals and the top layer in situ ob-servations were between 0.10 and 0.62 (p<0.01).Fur-thermore,VUA-NASA soil moisture variations agreed well with in situ soil moisture dynamics and responded sensitively to precipitation events.In contrast,the NSIDC dataset failed to capture signals of soil moisture dynamics.The analyses demonstrated that the VUA-NASA product was capable of representing soil moisture conditions over northern China.

Microscopic Calculations of Core-Polarization Effect on Inelastic Electron Scattering Form Factors for Different Parity States in （14^）

Inelastic electron scattering form factors has been calculated for different parity for the two （C3） transitions of 14^N for （5.83MeV） （f^π, T = 20） level and, （5.106MeV） （f^π, T = 30） level in the frame work of shell model. The model space wave functions are generated by using the Cohen-Kurath （CK） interaction, where 4He is assumed as a core and ten nucleons are distributed over the lp-shell which forms the model space. Core-polarization effects （CP） （the effects from outside lp-shell model space） are included through the first order perturbation theory. The core-polarization effects increase the form factor to be up near the experimental data which are not sufficient to give a good comparison with the calculating data.