A design and verification of linear state observers which estimate state information such as angular velocity and load torque for retraction control of the motorized seat belt (MSB) system were described. The motorize...A design and verification of linear state observers which estimate state information such as angular velocity and load torque for retraction control of the motorized seat belt (MSB) system were described. The motorized seat belt system provides functions to protect passengers and improve passenger's convenience. Each MSB function has its own required belt tension which is determined by the function's purpose. To realize the MSB functions, state information, such as seat belt winding velocity and seat belt tension are required. Using a linear state observer, the state information for MSB operations can be estimated without sensors. To design the linear state observer, the motorized seat belt system is analyzed and represented as a state space model which contains load torque as an augmented state. Based on the state space model, a linear state observer was designed and verified by experiments. Also, the retraction control of the MSB algorithm using linear state observer was designed and verified on the test bench. With the designed retraction control algorithm using the linear state observer, it is possible to realize various types of MSB functions.展开更多
Involvement in road traffic crashes as vehicle occupants is a leading cause of death and serious injury among children. The objective of this study was to investigate crash severity factors and child safety restraint ...Involvement in road traffic crashes as vehicle occupants is a leading cause of death and serious injury among children. The objective of this study was to investigate crash severity factors and child safety restraint use characteristics in order to identify effective countermeasures to increase children＇s highway safety. Characteristics and percentages of restraint use among child passengers aged 4-13 years were examined using highway crash data from Kansas. The association between restraint use, injury severity and characteristics of children involved in crashes were investigated using OR （odds ratios） and a logistic regression model, which was used to identify risk factors. Results showed that children, who were unrestrained, were seated in the front seat, traveling with drunk drivers and on rural roads, and traveling during nighttime was more vulnerable to severe injury in the case of motor vehicle crashes. The most frequent contributing causes related to crashes involving children included driver＇s inattention while driving, failure to yield right-of-way, driving too fast, wet roads and animals in the road. Based on identified critical factors, general countermeasure ideas to improve children＇s traffic safety were suggested, including age-appropriate and size-appropriate seat belt restraints and having children seated in the rear seat. Parents and children must gain better education regarding these safety measures in order to increase child safety on the road.展开更多
Objective： Seat belt use during pregnancy reduces injury to the mother and her fetus. During recent years, the use of seat belts has been mandated by law in Iran. The purpose of this study was to determine the attitu...Objective： Seat belt use during pregnancy reduces injury to the mother and her fetus. During recent years, the use of seat belts has been mandated by law in Iran. The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes and practices of pregnant women regarding seat belt use. Methods： In this cross-sectional study, we asked 335 pregnant women at a hospital-based prenatal care clinic on the use of safety belt before and during pregnancy. SPSS version 13.0 was used for data analysis. Results： The mean age of study subjects was 27.3 years±5.3 years with the median of 27 years. Compared with the seat belt use before pregnancy, no change was detectedin 48.7% of the women; seat belt use had increased in 17.5 % of them and decreased in 33.8 %. Eighty-one percent of women knew the correct placing ＆both lap belt and shoulder belt. Only 4% of women had received education on proper restraint use during pregnancy. Conclusions： The prevalence of seat belt use during pregnancy is lower than reports which are mostly from developed nations. The fact that about one-third of women have decreased their seat belt usage during pregnancy highlights the importance of education of mothers on this topic.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Second Stage of Brain Korea 21 Projects and Changwon National University in 2011-2012
文摘A design and verification of linear state observers which estimate state information such as angular velocity and load torque for retraction control of the motorized seat belt (MSB) system were described. The motorized seat belt system provides functions to protect passengers and improve passenger's convenience. Each MSB function has its own required belt tension which is determined by the function's purpose. To realize the MSB functions, state information, such as seat belt winding velocity and seat belt tension are required. Using a linear state observer, the state information for MSB operations can be estimated without sensors. To design the linear state observer, the motorized seat belt system is analyzed and represented as a state space model which contains load torque as an augmented state. Based on the state space model, a linear state observer was designed and verified by experiments. Also, the retraction control of the MSB algorithm using linear state observer was designed and verified on the test bench. With the designed retraction control algorithm using the linear state observer, it is possible to realize various types of MSB functions.
文摘Involvement in road traffic crashes as vehicle occupants is a leading cause of death and serious injury among children. The objective of this study was to investigate crash severity factors and child safety restraint use characteristics in order to identify effective countermeasures to increase children＇s highway safety. Characteristics and percentages of restraint use among child passengers aged 4-13 years were examined using highway crash data from Kansas. The association between restraint use, injury severity and characteristics of children involved in crashes were investigated using OR （odds ratios） and a logistic regression model, which was used to identify risk factors. Results showed that children, who were unrestrained, were seated in the front seat, traveling with drunk drivers and on rural roads, and traveling during nighttime was more vulnerable to severe injury in the case of motor vehicle crashes. The most frequent contributing causes related to crashes involving children included driver＇s inattention while driving, failure to yield right-of-way, driving too fast, wet roads and animals in the road. Based on identified critical factors, general countermeasure ideas to improve children＇s traffic safety were suggested, including age-appropriate and size-appropriate seat belt restraints and having children seated in the rear seat. Parents and children must gain better education regarding these safety measures in order to increase child safety on the road.
文摘Objective： Seat belt use during pregnancy reduces injury to the mother and her fetus. During recent years, the use of seat belts has been mandated by law in Iran. The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes and practices of pregnant women regarding seat belt use. Methods： In this cross-sectional study, we asked 335 pregnant women at a hospital-based prenatal care clinic on the use of safety belt before and during pregnancy. SPSS version 13.0 was used for data analysis. Results： The mean age of study subjects was 27.3 years±5.3 years with the median of 27 years. Compared with the seat belt use before pregnancy, no change was detectedin 48.7% of the women; seat belt use had increased in 17.5 % of them and decreased in 33.8 %. Eighty-one percent of women knew the correct placing ＆both lap belt and shoulder belt. Only 4% of women had received education on proper restraint use during pregnancy. Conclusions： The prevalence of seat belt use during pregnancy is lower than reports which are mostly from developed nations. The fact that about one-third of women have decreased their seat belt usage during pregnancy highlights the importance of education of mothers on this topic.
