As resource scarcity, extreme climate change, and pollution levels increase, economic growth must rely on more environmentally friendly and efficient production processes, Fuel cells are an ideal alternative to intern...As resource scarcity, extreme climate change, and pollution levels increase, economic growth must rely on more environmentally friendly and efficient production processes, Fuel cells are an ideal alternative to internal combustion （IC） engines and boilers on the path to greener industries because of their high effi- ciency and environmentally friendly operation, However, as a new energy technology, significant market penetration of fuel cells has not yet been achieved, In this paper, we perform a techno-economic and environmental analysis of fuel cell systems using life cycle and value chain activities, First, we investigate the procedure of fuel cell development and identify what activities should he undertaken according to fuel cell life cycle activities, value chain activities, and end-user acceptance criteria, Next, we present a unified learning of the institutional barriers in fuel cell commercialization, The primary end-user accep- tance criteria are function, cost, and reliability; a fuel cell should outperform these criteria compared with its competitors, such as IC engines and batteries, to achieve a competitive advantage, The repair and maintenance costs of fuel cells （due to low reliability） can lead to a substantial cost increase and decrease in availability, which are the major factors for end-user acceptance, The fuel cell industry must face the challenge of how to overcome this reliability barrier, This paper provides a deeper insight into our work over the years on the main barriers to fuel cell commercialization, and discusses the potential pivotal role of fuel cells in a future low-carbon green economy, It also identifies the needs and points out some direc- tions for this future low-carbon economy, Green energy, supplied with fuel cells, is truly the business mode of the future, Striving for a more sustainable development of economic growth by adopting green public investments and implementing policy initiatives encourages environmentally responsible indus- trial investments.展开更多
The national standard GB/T 24549—2009 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle—Safety Requirements specifies the general safety requirements for whole vehicle and key parts of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV).It is of great sign...The national standard GB/T 24549—2009 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle—Safety Requirements specifies the general safety requirements for whole vehicle and key parts of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV).It is of great significance for the development of FCEV in china.This paper discusses the main contents and the background of its development.展开更多
Thermal runaway has been a long-standing safety issue impeding the development of high-energy- density batteries. Physical safety designs such as employing circuit-breakers and fuses to batteries are limited by small ...Thermal runaway has been a long-standing safety issue impeding the development of high-energy- density batteries. Physical safety designs such as employing circuit-breakers and fuses to batteries are limited by small operating voltage windows and no resumption of original working condition when it is cooled down. Here we report a smart thermoresponsive polymer electrolyte that can be incorporated inside batteries to prevent thermal runaway via a fast and reversible sol-gel transition, and successfully combine this smart electrolyte with a rechargeable Zn/^-Mn02 battery system. At high temperature, bat- tery operation is inhibited as a result of the increased internal resistance caused by the gelation of liquid electrolyte. After cooling down, the electrolyte is spontaneously reversed to sol state and the electro- chemical performance of the battery is restored. More importantly, sol-gel transition enables the smart battery to experience different charge-discharge rates under various temperature levels, providing a smart and active strategy to achieve dynamic and reversible self-protection.展开更多
The United States and China are the world's largest automobile markets and oil consumers, and both face a severe challenge to conserve energy and reduce tailpipe emissions. Thus, both countries urgently need to tr...The United States and China are the world's largest automobile markets and oil consumers, and both face a severe challenge to conserve energy and reduce tailpipe emissions. Thus, both countries urgently need to transform conventional internal combustion engines to electrified powertrains. Targeting the advanced core technologies of plug-in electric vehicles(PEVs), a joint research collaboration between China and the US, called the "Clean Vehicle Consortium"(CVC), was set up in 2010. Six years of collaboration on PEV technologies has resulted in significant progress in three technical areas. Based on CVC publications,we review herein the progress made by the CVC research efforts on three key advanced PEV technologies. This includes the development of a safe battery with an energy density of 260 W h kg^(-1) and a systematic method for designing safe traction battery systems. Thus, a breakthrough in high power density and efficient traction motor systems has occurred. In addition to discussing advanced electric-drive powertrains, we also discuss global energy management strategies that aim to improve PEV energy efficiency. This discussion covers scientific and comprehensive analysis methods to analyze energy systems, which include costbenefit analyses of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, life-cycle assessments for evaluating vehicle emissions, and PEV-ownership projections.展开更多
Lithium-ion power battery has become one of the main power sources for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles because of superior performance compared with other power sources. In order to ensure the safety an...Lithium-ion power battery has become one of the main power sources for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles because of superior performance compared with other power sources. In order to ensure the safety and improve the performance, the maximum operating temperature and local temperature difference of batteries must be maintained in an appropriate range. The effect of temperature on the capacity fade and aging are simply investigated. The electrode structure, including electrode thickness, particle size and porosity, are analyzed. It is found that all of them have significant influences on the heat generation of battery. Details of various thermal management technologies, namely air based, phase change material based, heat pipe based and liquid based, are discussed and compared from the perspective of improving the external heat dissipation. The selection of different battery thermal management(BTM) technologies should be based on the cooling demand and applications, and liquid cooling is suggested being the most suitable method for large-scale battery pack charged/discharged at higher C-rate and in high-temperature environment. The thermal safety in the respect of propagation and suppression of thermal runaway is analyzed.展开更多
基金the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Government of Alberta for the Campus Alberta Innovation Program (CAIP) Research Chair (RCP-12-001BCAIP)
文摘As resource scarcity, extreme climate change, and pollution levels increase, economic growth must rely on more environmentally friendly and efficient production processes, Fuel cells are an ideal alternative to internal combustion （IC） engines and boilers on the path to greener industries because of their high effi- ciency and environmentally friendly operation, However, as a new energy technology, significant market penetration of fuel cells has not yet been achieved, In this paper, we perform a techno-economic and environmental analysis of fuel cell systems using life cycle and value chain activities, First, we investigate the procedure of fuel cell development and identify what activities should he undertaken according to fuel cell life cycle activities, value chain activities, and end-user acceptance criteria, Next, we present a unified learning of the institutional barriers in fuel cell commercialization, The primary end-user accep- tance criteria are function, cost, and reliability; a fuel cell should outperform these criteria compared with its competitors, such as IC engines and batteries, to achieve a competitive advantage, The repair and maintenance costs of fuel cells （due to low reliability） can lead to a substantial cost increase and decrease in availability, which are the major factors for end-user acceptance, The fuel cell industry must face the challenge of how to overcome this reliability barrier, This paper provides a deeper insight into our work over the years on the main barriers to fuel cell commercialization, and discusses the potential pivotal role of fuel cells in a future low-carbon green economy, It also identifies the needs and points out some direc- tions for this future low-carbon economy, Green energy, supplied with fuel cells, is truly the business mode of the future, Striving for a more sustainable development of economic growth by adopting green public investments and implementing policy initiatives encourages environmentally responsible indus- trial investments.
文摘The national standard GB/T 24549—2009 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle—Safety Requirements specifies the general safety requirements for whole vehicle and key parts of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV).It is of great significance for the development of FCEV in china.This paper discusses the main contents and the background of its development.
基金supported by NSFC/RGC Joint Research Scheme under Project N_CityU123/15 and NSFC 5151101197a Grant from City University of Hong Kong (PJ7004645)sponsored by Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province (2017JY0088)
文摘Thermal runaway has been a long-standing safety issue impeding the development of high-energy- density batteries. Physical safety designs such as employing circuit-breakers and fuses to batteries are limited by small operating voltage windows and no resumption of original working condition when it is cooled down. Here we report a smart thermoresponsive polymer electrolyte that can be incorporated inside batteries to prevent thermal runaway via a fast and reversible sol-gel transition, and successfully combine this smart electrolyte with a rechargeable Zn/^-Mn02 battery system. At high temperature, bat- tery operation is inhibited as a result of the increased internal resistance caused by the gelation of liquid electrolyte. After cooling down, the electrolyte is spontaneously reversed to sol state and the electro- chemical performance of the battery is restored. More importantly, sol-gel transition enables the smart battery to experience different charge-discharge rates under various temperature levels, providing a smart and active strategy to achieve dynamic and reversible self-protection.
基金supported by the International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China(Grant No.2016YFE0102200)
文摘The United States and China are the world's largest automobile markets and oil consumers, and both face a severe challenge to conserve energy and reduce tailpipe emissions. Thus, both countries urgently need to transform conventional internal combustion engines to electrified powertrains. Targeting the advanced core technologies of plug-in electric vehicles(PEVs), a joint research collaboration between China and the US, called the "Clean Vehicle Consortium"(CVC), was set up in 2010. Six years of collaboration on PEV technologies has resulted in significant progress in three technical areas. Based on CVC publications,we review herein the progress made by the CVC research efforts on three key advanced PEV technologies. This includes the development of a safe battery with an energy density of 260 W h kg^(-1) and a systematic method for designing safe traction battery systems. Thus, a breakthrough in high power density and efficient traction motor systems has occurred. In addition to discussing advanced electric-drive powertrains, we also discuss global energy management strategies that aim to improve PEV energy efficiency. This discussion covers scientific and comprehensive analysis methods to analyze energy systems, which include costbenefit analyses of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, life-cycle assessments for evaluating vehicle emissions, and PEV-ownership projections.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51376019)
文摘Lithium-ion power battery has become one of the main power sources for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles because of superior performance compared with other power sources. In order to ensure the safety and improve the performance, the maximum operating temperature and local temperature difference of batteries must be maintained in an appropriate range. The effect of temperature on the capacity fade and aging are simply investigated. The electrode structure, including electrode thickness, particle size and porosity, are analyzed. It is found that all of them have significant influences on the heat generation of battery. Details of various thermal management technologies, namely air based, phase change material based, heat pipe based and liquid based, are discussed and compared from the perspective of improving the external heat dissipation. The selection of different battery thermal management(BTM) technologies should be based on the cooling demand and applications, and liquid cooling is suggested being the most suitable method for large-scale battery pack charged/discharged at higher C-rate and in high-temperature environment. The thermal safety in the respect of propagation and suppression of thermal runaway is analyzed.
