In this paper, the nitration characteristic of alcohols with mixed acid for the synthesis of energetic mate-rials in a stainless steel microreactor was investigated experimentally. The nitration of iso-octanol with HN...In this paper, the nitration characteristic of alcohols with mixed acid for the synthesis of energetic mate-rials in a stainless steel microreactor was investigated experimentally. The nitration of iso-octanol with HNO3-H2SO4 mixed acid was chosen as a typical model reaction which involved fast and strong exothermic liquid-liquid heterogeneous reaction process. The influences of mixed acid composition, flow rate, organic/aqueous flow ratio and reaction temperature have been investigated. The results indicated that the reaction could be con-ducted safely and stably in the microreactor at 25-40°C, which are enhanced compared to 15°C or below for safe operating conditions in the conventional reactors. Moreover, the 98.2% conversion of iso-octanol could be obtained and no by-products were detected in all cases.展开更多
Due to safety concerns and habitat restoration for landlocked salmon,a 13-m high check dam on Chijiawan Creek was removed in late May 2011 in Taiwan.We conducted experiments to understand channel evolution of differen...Due to safety concerns and habitat restoration for landlocked salmon,a 13-m high check dam on Chijiawan Creek was removed in late May 2011 in Taiwan.We conducted experiments to understand channel evolution of different scenarios.We further compared our experimental results of riverbed elevation changes with the analytical solutions derived from the diffusion equation and field dynamics as well after the creek experienced the first flood event.The results indicated that magnitude of discharges and notch size are dominant factors in resulting channel evolution.While the largest differences between grain size distribution are associated with discharge,the largest differences in net change in upstream volume are associated with notch size.While the theoretical equation could help understand the channel change after dam removal,it only explained the evolution closer to the dam.The physical experiments,on the other hand,provided insights especially with regard to comparing alternative proposed management actions.The discrepancies between predicted and actual outcome highlight more needed inputs for future dam-removal assessments.展开更多
Success of the organization is only success so far without the appropriate competence. Therefore, the Finnish Defence Forces will also need professional and motivated individuals both now and in the future. The variab...Success of the organization is only success so far without the appropriate competence. Therefore, the Finnish Defence Forces will also need professional and motivated individuals both now and in the future. The variable, interdependent, and complex environment has set totally new requirements for future＇s officers1. The Finnish cadets＇ selection process plays a crucial role, because the Finnish Defence Forces educate and train all the officers by itself. By means of the student selection will be made decisions whose influences have long temporal dimension, The officers who graduate from the Finnish National Defence University will build up the tomorrow＇s Finnish Defense Forces. In this paper, it will address the quality and functionality of the Finnish Defence University＇s student selection processes as part of competence and knowledge management from the organization＇s point of view2. Because of overall changes of society and the security environment, the Finnish officers＇ education and training system （see Figure 1） has been modified frequently during the few recent years. Both the reforms of the degree programs of Military Science and the Finnish higher education culture＇s modifications have been tried to notice during the analysis. The paper is based on the author＇s doctoral thesis that is compiling at the moment.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20490208)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2007AA030206)the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology,BIT (KFJJ06-1)
文摘In this paper, the nitration characteristic of alcohols with mixed acid for the synthesis of energetic mate-rials in a stainless steel microreactor was investigated experimentally. The nitration of iso-octanol with HNO3-H2SO4 mixed acid was chosen as a typical model reaction which involved fast and strong exothermic liquid-liquid heterogeneous reaction process. The influences of mixed acid composition, flow rate, organic/aqueous flow ratio and reaction temperature have been investigated. The results indicated that the reaction could be con-ducted safely and stably in the microreactor at 25-40°C, which are enhanced compared to 15°C or below for safe operating conditions in the conventional reactors. Moreover, the 98.2% conversion of iso-octanol could be obtained and no by-products were detected in all cases.
文摘Due to safety concerns and habitat restoration for landlocked salmon,a 13-m high check dam on Chijiawan Creek was removed in late May 2011 in Taiwan.We conducted experiments to understand channel evolution of different scenarios.We further compared our experimental results of riverbed elevation changes with the analytical solutions derived from the diffusion equation and field dynamics as well after the creek experienced the first flood event.The results indicated that magnitude of discharges and notch size are dominant factors in resulting channel evolution.While the largest differences between grain size distribution are associated with discharge,the largest differences in net change in upstream volume are associated with notch size.While the theoretical equation could help understand the channel change after dam removal,it only explained the evolution closer to the dam.The physical experiments,on the other hand,provided insights especially with regard to comparing alternative proposed management actions.The discrepancies between predicted and actual outcome highlight more needed inputs for future dam-removal assessments.
文摘Success of the organization is only success so far without the appropriate competence. Therefore, the Finnish Defence Forces will also need professional and motivated individuals both now and in the future. The variable, interdependent, and complex environment has set totally new requirements for future＇s officers1. The Finnish cadets＇ selection process plays a crucial role, because the Finnish Defence Forces educate and train all the officers by itself. By means of the student selection will be made decisions whose influences have long temporal dimension, The officers who graduate from the Finnish National Defence University will build up the tomorrow＇s Finnish Defense Forces. In this paper, it will address the quality and functionality of the Finnish Defence University＇s student selection processes as part of competence and knowledge management from the organization＇s point of view2. Because of overall changes of society and the security environment, the Finnish officers＇ education and training system （see Figure 1） has been modified frequently during the few recent years. Both the reforms of the degree programs of Military Science and the Finnish higher education culture＇s modifications have been tried to notice during the analysis. The paper is based on the author＇s doctoral thesis that is compiling at the moment.
