企业创建安标化的意义及实施策略

安全生产标准化的建立,可以为企业生产经营的各个环节提供科学的依据,从而促使企业可以对生产经营过程中的风险因素进行实时监管,及时发现问题,及时解决,营造一个良好的生产环境,保证各个生产环节能够安全顺利进行,论文对企业创建安全生产标准化的意义及现状进行分析,提出了企业安全生产标准化的一些实施策略。

Multi-level access control model for tree-like hierarchical organizations

An access control model is proposed based on the famous Bell-LaPadula （BLP） model.In the proposed model,hierarchical relationships among departments are built,a new concept named post is proposed,and assigning security tags to subjects and objects is greatly simplified.The interoperation among different departments is implemented through assigning multiple security tags to one post, and the more departments are closed on the organization tree,the more secret objects can be exchanged by the staff of the departments.The access control matrices of the department,post and staff are defined.By using the three access control matrices,a multi granularity and flexible discretionary access control policy is implemented.The outstanding merit of the BLP model is inherited,and the new model can guarantee that all the information flow is under control.Finally,our study shows that compared to the BLP model,the proposed model is more flexible.

Comparative outcome of stapled trans-anal rectal resection and macrogol in the treatment of defecation disorders

AIM:To prospectively assess the eff icacy and safety of stapled trans-anal rectal resection(STARR) compared to standard conservative treatment,and whether preoperative symptoms and findings at defecography and anorectal manometry can predict the outcome of STARR.METHODS:Thirty patients(Female,28;age:51 ± 9 years) with rectocele or rectal intussusception,a defecation disorder,and functional constipation were submitted for STARR.Thirty comparable patients(Female,30;age 53 ± 13 years),who presented with symptoms of rectocele or rectal intussusception and were treated with macrogol,were assessed.Patients were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire at study enrollment and 38 ± 18 mo after the STARR procedure or during macrogol treatment.A responder was def ined as an absence of the Rome Ⅲ diagnostic criteria for functional constipation.Defecography and rectoanal manometry were performed before and after the STARR procedure in 16 and 12 patients,respectively.RESULTS:After STARR,53% of patients were responders;during conservative treatment,75% were responders.After STARR,30% of the patients reported the use of laxatives,17% had intermittent anal pain,13% had anal leakage,13% required digital facilitation,6% experienced defecatory urgency,6% experienced fecal incontinence,and 6% required re-intervention.During macrogol therapy,23% of the patients complained of abdominal bloating and 13% of borborygmi,and 3% required digital facilitation.No preoperative symptom,defecographic,or manometric finding predicted the outcome of STARR.Post-operative defecography showed a statistically significant reduction(P < 0.05) of the rectal diameter and rectocele.The postoperative anorectal manometry showed that anal pressure and rectal sensitivity were not significantly modified,and that rectal compliance was reduced(P = 0.01).CONCLUSION:STARR is not better and is less safe than macrogol in the treatment of defecation disorders.It could be considered as an alternative therapy in patients unresponsive to macrogol.

Flow shop rescheduling problem under rush orders

In the environment of customization, disturbances such as rush orders and material shortages often occur in the manufacturing system, so rescheduling is necessary for the manufacturing system. The rescheduling methodology should be able to dispose of the disturbance efficiently so as to keep production going smoothly. This aims researching flow shop rescheduling problem (FSRP) necessitated by rush orders. Disjunctive graph is employed to demonstrate the FSRP. For a flow shop processing n jobs, after the original schedule has been made, and z out of n jobs have been processed in the flow shop, x rush orders come, so the original n jobs together with x rush orders should be rescheduled immediately so that the rush orders would be processed in the shortest time and the original jobs could be processed subject to some optimized criteria. The weighted mean flow time of both original jobs and rush orders is used as objective function. The weight for rush orders is much bigger than that of the original jobs, so the rush orders should be processed early in the new schedule. The ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm used to solve the rescheduling problem has a weakness in that the search may fall into a local optimum. Mutation operation is employed to enhance the ACO performance. Numerical experiments demonstrated that the proposed algorithm has high computation repeatability and efficiency.

Pseudo-static analysis of cantilever retaining walls using upper bound limit analysis approach

Given the extensive utilization of cantilever retaining walls in construction and development projects,their optimal design and analysis with proper attention to seismic loads is a typical engineering problem.This research presents a new algorithm for pseudo-static analysis of retaining walls employing upper bound method.The algorithm can be utilized to design and check the external and internal stability of the wall based on the proposed mechanism.One of the main features of this algorithm is its ability to determine the critical condition of failure wedges,the minimum safety factor and maximum force acting on the wall,as well as the minimum weight of the wall,simultaneously,by effectively using the multi-objective optimization.The results obtained by the proposed failure mechanisms show that,while using the upper bound limit analysis approach,the active force should be maximized concurrent with optimizing the direction of the plane passing through the back of the heel.The present study also applies the proposed algorithm to determine the critical direction of the earthquake acceleration coefficient.The critical direction of earthquake acceleration coefficient is defined as the direction that maximizes the active force exerted on the wall and minimizes the safety factor for wall stability.The results obtained in this study are in good agreement with those of similar studies carried out based on the limit equilibrium method and finite element analysis.The critical failure mechanisms were determined via optimization with genetic algorithm.

Train driver protection under secondary impact

An EMU train with detailed cabin structural is established based on the finite element method.The secondary impact between train driver and control desk is fully analysed and two measures are proposed to reduce the driver injury severity,such as the multi-objective optimization of the driver seat position and equipping the train with three-point seat belt.Simulation results indicate that the driver seat position has a significant effect on the driver injury severity during a secondary impact.According to the multi-objective optimization,some Pareto solutions are suggested to design the driver seat position.Besides that,it is also indicated although the chest and leg are well protected when the driver wears a two-point seat belt,it increases the head injure during a secondary impact.On the other hand,the three-point seat belt can supply the train driver with an overall protection against the secondary impact.The injury criteria(HIC,VC,TI)of the driver with the three-point seat belt is significantly lower than those of the driver without seat belt.Moreover,according to the simulation analysis,the limited load of the three-point seat belt is suggested about 1.5 kN.

Implementing SO 22000 Certification Standards to Strengthen Food Safety Management

This paper deals with the currentfood safety situation,the requirementsof ISO 22000 standards,and ISO 22000standards management certification.It detailsthe implementation of ISO 22000 standardsmanagement certification for the purposeof establishing a food safety managementsystem.

Emergency Logistics and Standardization

Emergency logistics are complex systems engineering operations.Standardizationis the solution to establishing a successful emergency logistics framework.Standardized systems of emergency logistics can be used to tackle sudden events anddisasters,to minimize disaster loss and to promote a healthy development of emergencylogistics in China.

Public Security Risk m Large Scale Activities and the Standardization Prospects

This paper generalizes the definition and its scope of large scale activity based on its current practice and supervision system in China, makes risk analysis during activities, and puts forward proposals on carrying out relevant standardization works after discussions about the actuality and prospect of social security on large scale activities in China.

Interpretations on Safety and TSSC for Cosmetics

On 23 December 2015, China Food and Drug Administration （CFDA） promulgated the Technical Safety Standards for Cosmetics （TSSC）, which has been implemented on 1 December 2016. It has made a signifcant effect on cosmetics enterprises and attracted extensive attentions from the industry. In this paper, some hot issues about the TSSC are collected and responded by the experts and scholars.

Standardized Cultivation of Cold Region Rice in Heilongjiang Reclamation Area

The paper analyzes the characteristics of rice production in Heilongjiang Reclamation Area(HRA)and the achievements made through innovative research and practice,evaluates the standardized mode of rice cultivation and technical standards for rice production,which play a key role in guaranteeing the growth of grain total output in Heilongjiang reclamation area and make great contributions to the national grain safety.

Introduction to Technical Safety Standards for Cosmetics

This paper introduced the development of Technical Safety Standards for Cosmetics(TSSC). It explained changes in TSSC in detail and put forward related suggestions for implementation.

Urban Consumer Attitudes to Fresh Produce Safety in China

The objective of this study was to explain the determinants of the fresh vegetables purchase decision by Chinese urban consumers in Beijing including awareness and attitudes to food safety, and their willingness to pay （WTP） more for specific safety characteristics when buying fresh vegetables. The research rationale arises out of a history of food safety scares and scandals in China, and a national government response to promote quality assurance and safety through labelling. The primary hypothesis was that an understanding of food safety systems and product labelling, and trust in supply chain integrity would be key determinants in consumer willingness to purchase and pay more for safety assured vegetables. Based on a questionnaire survey of consumers in Beijing, the analysis found that the major factors underlying the purchase decision of fresh vegetables were product freshness, convenience and competitive price rather than assured product labelling. The decisions whether to purchase assurance-labelled vegetables and WTP more for chemical residue-free product were analysed by binomial and ordinal multinomial logit modelling respectively. It revealed a WTP moreof between 20% and 40%. Monthly household income was a key determinant of both quality assured product and WTP, together with degree of concern over residues, trust in retailer and assurance labels and place of purchase. The results suggest much still remains to be done to build trust though rigorous monitoring and enforcement of food safety standards to improve supply chain integrity and consumer confidence.

Impact of International Networks on Standardization Process in Banking Industry： Example of Secure Electronic Transaction （SET） Initiative

The purpose of this article is to present and interpret the case study of the secure electronic transaction （SET） scheme of Internet security, as an illustration of the necessary construction of interoperability solutions for financial services. The interpretation of case data with actor network theory （ANT） provides an illustration of power coalitions among banks to create a de facto standard for transnational electronic payment security on the Internet. After a step of protecting its political interests and well-known technological solutions, the coalition understands that its mission becomes a matter of life and death for its members： Brand-new currency has been invented on the Web and one could develop business and monetary transactions without the banks. This interpretative stage tells us much about the transnational mechanisms of regulation and standardization as well as the ＂translation＂ steps regarding these transnational organizations. However, an additional step has to be added to this interpretative step, a step of framework construction. The aim is to help managers of the transnational firms involved in regulations and standardization to anticipate the evolutions and make relevant decisions. The framework has three distinctive characteristics： the ability to help conception, the ability to help conceive problems ＂ex ante＂, and the ability to facilitate collective conception of strategic maneuvers.

Impact of Food Safety Standards on Food Export

This article research the food quality standards covered global and international regulations on food safety and quality, and public and private standards. The effect of global character of food safety and quality standardization shows that the important effect is increasing marginal costs of certification and accreditation, which puts pressure on export company profits in different countries. Main conclusions yield insights into the key following points： Increased food safety has been associated with higher income. Consumers and governments can afford to focus more on reducing food-borne safety risks once basic quantity needs for foods have been met or are in the process of being met. This suggests that policies focused on increasing income are the surest path to improving food safety in all countries. Food safety regulations should be designed to meet the food safety demands of consumers in rich countries and, at the same time, further the interests of both consumers and producers in poor countries.

Understanding the concept of safety in acupuncture international standardization: a context-based interpretation

There is the deviation on the understanding of acupuncture ＂safety＂ in healthcare research and the development of international standards. How to interpret and contextualize the ＂safety＂ is the point to break through it. In the aspects of contextual elements and stakeholders, using the literature reviews and theoretic approach, the concept of ＂safety＂ is attempted to be specified and the differences between health care research and international standard development to be discussed. The article aims to outline the general conceptual framework of ＂safety＂. Consequently, an approach is explored to the term-based analysis in acupuncture international standard development.

Spacecraft rendezvous trajectory safety quantitative performance index eliminating probability dilution

In view of the probability dilution problem of the existing quantitative indexes of rendezvous trajectory safety performance using collision probability,this paper proposes a new quantitative index of rendezvous trajectory safety performance by well combining collision probability with warning threshold.The proposed new index increases monotonously as the position errors of the chaser spacecraft increase,therefore it can effectively overcome the problems of the reduction in the largest performance value and the advancement in the most dangerous time induced by the probability dilution.The proposed new index is applied to the safety design of close range rendezvous missions.The mission’s safety requirements for initial navigation precision and the safe region of initial and final keeping points’positions with a certain navigation precision are analyzed,and several valuable conclusions about the relation between position navigation precision and velocity navigation precision as well as the relation between keeping points’positions and navigation precision are obtained.

Multi-objective optimization for deepwater dynamic umbilical installation analysis

We suggest a method of multi-objective optimization based on approximation model for dynamic umbilical installation. The optimization aims to find out the most cost effective size, quantity and location of buoyancy modules for umbilical installation while maintaining structural safety. The approximation model is constructed by the design of experiment (DOE) sampling and is utilized to solve the problem of time-consuming analyses. The non-linear dynamic analyses considering environmental loadings are executed on these sample points from DOE. Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) is employed to obtain the Pareto solution set through an evolutionary optimization process. Intuitionist fuzzy set theory is applied for selecting the best compromise solution from Pareto set. The optimization results indicate this optimization strategy with approximation model and multiple attribute decision-making method is valid, and provide the optimal deployment method for deepwater dynamic umbilical buoyancy modules.