China's marine data includes marine hydrology,marine meteorology,marine biology,marine chemistry,marine substrate,marine geophysical,seabed topography and other categories of data,the total amount of data reaches ...China's marine data includes marine hydrology,marine meteorology,marine biology,marine chemistry,marine substrate,marine geophysical,seabed topography and other categories of data,the total amount of data reaches the magnitude of PB,and the amount of data is still increasing.The safe management of these marine data storage is the basis of building a Smart Ocean.This paper discusses the current situation of security management of marine data storage in China,analyzes the problems of security management in domestic marine data storage,and puts forward suggestions.展开更多
Safety assessment of offshore platforms is an urgent task. Such assessments are now focusing on the structure, maintenance, and retirement of a platform. Some methods employed have many shortcomings. For example, they...Safety assessment of offshore platforms is an urgent task. Such assessments are now focusing on the structure, maintenance, and retirement of a platform. Some methods employed have many shortcomings. For example, they cannot make the reliability adequately explicable. Therefore, a mathematical tool, the unascertained measure, was introduced. First, the basic knowledge of the unascertained sets was introduced briefly. Second, the unascertained measure was defined and credible identification was set up. The method has been introduced into the fields for safety assessment of a jacket loadout procedure. Engineering practices showed that it can complete the safety assessment systematically and scientifically without any assumption. The work should have significance in theory and practice for offshore engineering.展开更多
Quantified risk assessment(QRA) needs mathematicization of risk theory.However,attention has been paid almost exclusively to applications of assessment methods,which has led to neglect of research into fundamental the...Quantified risk assessment(QRA) needs mathematicization of risk theory.However,attention has been paid almost exclusively to applications of assessment methods,which has led to neglect of research into fundamental theories,such as the relationships among risk,safety,danger,and so on.In order to solve this problem,as a first step,fundamental theoretical relationships about risk and risk management were analyzed for this paper in the light of mathematics,and then illustrated with some charts.Second,man-machine-environment-management(MMEM) theory was introduced into risk theory to analyze some properties of risk.On the basis of this,a three-dimensional model of risk management was established that includes:a goal dimension;a management dimension;an operation dimension.This goal management operation(GMO) model was explained and then emphasis was laid on the discussion of the risk flowchart(operation dimension),which lays the groundwork for further study of risk management and qualitative and quantitative assessment.Next,the relationship between Formal Safety Assessment(FSA) and Risk Management was researched.This revealed that the FSA method,which the international maritime organization(IMO) is actively spreading,comes from Risk Management theory.Finally,conclusion were made about how to apply this risk management method to concrete fields efficiently and conveniently,as well as areas where further research is required.展开更多
The consequences of ship collisions with an oil rig, offshore installation or platform can be far more expensive in relation to safety, environment and costs of damage. The damage due to a single incident of an Oil Ri...The consequences of ship collisions with an oil rig, offshore installation or platform can be far more expensive in relation to safety, environment and costs of damage. The damage due to a single incident of an Oil Rig Collision can be catastrophic due to the number of people on board and the added risk of explosion. However, the existing rules and regulations of collisions prevention are insufficient. The purpose of this article is to critically evaluate the risk of ships collisions with offshore platforms and installations and therefore propose an international regulation for the preventions of this type of collisions.展开更多
Collection and arrangement of the historical records of climatic changes andenvironment evolution, especially in the aspect of calamities, are made on the history documents ofpast 1500 years about Hai'an region, J...Collection and arrangement of the historical records of climatic changes andenvironment evolution, especially in the aspect of calamities, are made on the history documents ofpast 1500 years about Hai'an region, Jiangsu Province. There existed two obvious flooding-droughtfrequently-occurring periods: one was from 1550 AD to 1850 AD and another was 1000 AD to 1200 AD.The period of 1550 AD to 1850 AD is interrupted by two relatively arid and cold climatic periods:one was from 1630 AD to 1700 AD and another was 1750 AD to 1820 AD. The main characteristic of thecalamity periods is that they occurred by turns, and sometimes, both drought and flooding occurredin the same year. The instability of the climatic changes in the Little Ice Age may be the mainreason of the frequently-occurring flooding and drought in Hai'an region. Research results also showthat the frequently-occurring periods of flooding and drought is in close relationship with thesolar activity, and therefore, occurrence of the flooding and drought may be in relation with theintensity of the solar activity. This hypothesis may need further study in the future.展开更多
Based on relevant in-service experience, this paper discusses how risks associated with station-keeping systems can be controlled through adequate design criteria, inspection, repair and maintenance practice, as well ...Based on relevant in-service experience, this paper discusses how risks associated with station-keeping systems can be controlled through adequate design criteria, inspection, repair and maintenance practice, as well as quality assurance and control of the engineering processes. Particular focus must be placed on quantitative design for system robustness. The application of structural reliability analysis to quantify safety is briefly reviewed. In particular it was emphasized that reliability predictions based on normal uncertainties and variability yielded lower failure rates than those experienced for predictions of hulls and catenary mooring systems; gross errors in design, fabrication and operation were responsible. For this reason the broad safety management approach mentioned above was proposed. Moreover, it was found that this approach needed to be supported by a quantitative risk assessment. Finally, the challenges in dealing with the effects of human factors in risk management are outlined, along with means to deal with them in a qualitative manner, by the so-called barrier method to limit risk.展开更多
The Chinese east coastal areas and marginal seas are foggy regions. The development of effective forecasting methods rests upon a comprehensive knowledge of the fog phenomena. This study provides new observations asso...The Chinese east coastal areas and marginal seas are foggy regions. The development of effective forecasting methods rests upon a comprehensive knowledge of the fog phenomena. This study provides new observations associated with the sea togs over the northwestern Yellow Sea by means of L-band radar soundings with a high vertical resolution of 30m. The monthly tem- perature lapse rate, the Richardson Nulnbers, and the humidity show obvious seasonal variations in the lower level of the planetary boundary layer （PBL） that are related to the onset, peak and end of the Yellow Sea fog season. The typical pattern of stratification for the sea fog season in the northwestern Yellow Sea is that a stable layer of about 400 m thick caps a 150 m conditionally unstable layer Besides, the differences between togs and stratus clouds in terms of humidity, turbulence and temperature are analyzed, which is of significance for sea fog forecast and detection by satellites. The thickness of the sea fogs varies in different stages of the fog season, and is associated with the temperature inversion. The numerical simulation proves that the seasonal variations obtained by the radar well represent the situations over the Yellow Sea.展开更多
The DFI-1 submarine pipeline was investigated using a dual-frequency side-scan sonar and a swath sounder system. More than a hundred scour pits under the pipeline were found, most of which have caused the span of the ...The DFI-1 submarine pipeline was investigated using a dual-frequency side-scan sonar and a swath sounder system. More than a hundred scour pits under the pipeline were found, most of which have caused the span of the pipeline to increase and threatened its safety. The maximum allowable free span length （MAFSL） of the pipeline was determined through the limitations re- garding maximum allowable stress under static or quasi-static loads and the onset of Vortex Induced Vibrations （VIV） under different hydrodynamic actions. The results show that the MAFSL under static conditions is 56m. However, the MAFSLs are 30m and 20m under ordinary weather conditions and hurricane-induced currents for the 100-year return period, respectively, to avoid VIV as cal- culated by using the highest safety class factor. It is suggested that spanning pipelines longer than 20 m should be supported. Addi- tionally, eight successive spans which may also threaten the pipeline were proposed. The most hazardous scour pits are along the pipeline section from KP42 to KP51.展开更多
Wind power has made rapid progress and should gain significance as an energy resource,given growing interest in renewable energy and clean energy.Offshore wind energy resources have attracted significant attention,as,...Wind power has made rapid progress and should gain significance as an energy resource,given growing interest in renewable energy and clean energy.Offshore wind energy resources have attracted significant attention,as,compared with land-based wind energy resources,offshore wind energy resources are more promising candidates for development.Sea winds are generally stronger and more reliable and with improvements in technology,the sea has become a hot spot for new designs and installation methods for wind turbines.In the present paper,based on experience building offshore wind farms,recommended foundation styles have been examined.Furthermore,wave effects have been investigated.The split installation and overall installation have been illustrated.Methods appropriate when installing a small number of turbines as well as those useful when installing large numbers of turbines were analyzed.This investigation of installation methods for wind turbines should provide practical technical guidance for their installation.展开更多
Scalenus syndrome is a kind of thoracicoutlet syndrome. I treated 16 such cases withmassage in combination with acupointinjection from 1989-1996. The results weresatisfactory and introduced as follows.
文摘China's marine data includes marine hydrology,marine meteorology,marine biology,marine chemistry,marine substrate,marine geophysical,seabed topography and other categories of data,the total amount of data reaches the magnitude of PB,and the amount of data is still increasing.The safe management of these marine data storage is the basis of building a Smart Ocean.This paper discusses the current situation of security management of marine data storage in China,analyzes the problems of security management in domestic marine data storage,and puts forward suggestions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (505079047)
文摘Safety assessment of offshore platforms is an urgent task. Such assessments are now focusing on the structure, maintenance, and retirement of a platform. Some methods employed have many shortcomings. For example, they cannot make the reliability adequately explicable. Therefore, a mathematical tool, the unascertained measure, was introduced. First, the basic knowledge of the unascertained sets was introduced briefly. Second, the unascertained measure was defined and credible identification was set up. The method has been introduced into the fields for safety assessment of a jacket loadout procedure. Engineering practices showed that it can complete the safety assessment systematically and scientifically without any assumption. The work should have significance in theory and practice for offshore engineering.
基金Supported by the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project Foundation under Grant No.T0602Supported by the Shanghai Education Commission Project Foundation under Grant No.05FZ10
文摘Quantified risk assessment(QRA) needs mathematicization of risk theory.However,attention has been paid almost exclusively to applications of assessment methods,which has led to neglect of research into fundamental theories,such as the relationships among risk,safety,danger,and so on.In order to solve this problem,as a first step,fundamental theoretical relationships about risk and risk management were analyzed for this paper in the light of mathematics,and then illustrated with some charts.Second,man-machine-environment-management(MMEM) theory was introduced into risk theory to analyze some properties of risk.On the basis of this,a three-dimensional model of risk management was established that includes:a goal dimension;a management dimension;an operation dimension.This goal management operation(GMO) model was explained and then emphasis was laid on the discussion of the risk flowchart(operation dimension),which lays the groundwork for further study of risk management and qualitative and quantitative assessment.Next,the relationship between Formal Safety Assessment(FSA) and Risk Management was researched.This revealed that the FSA method,which the international maritime organization(IMO) is actively spreading,comes from Risk Management theory.Finally,conclusion were made about how to apply this risk management method to concrete fields efficiently and conveniently,as well as areas where further research is required.
文摘The consequences of ship collisions with an oil rig, offshore installation or platform can be far more expensive in relation to safety, environment and costs of damage. The damage due to a single incident of an Oil Rig Collision can be catastrophic due to the number of people on board and the added risk of explosion. However, the existing rules and regulations of collisions prevention are insufficient. The purpose of this article is to critically evaluate the risk of ships collisions with offshore platforms and installations and therefore propose an international regulation for the preventions of this type of collisions.
文摘Collection and arrangement of the historical records of climatic changes andenvironment evolution, especially in the aspect of calamities, are made on the history documents ofpast 1500 years about Hai'an region, Jiangsu Province. There existed two obvious flooding-droughtfrequently-occurring periods: one was from 1550 AD to 1850 AD and another was 1000 AD to 1200 AD.The period of 1550 AD to 1850 AD is interrupted by two relatively arid and cold climatic periods:one was from 1630 AD to 1700 AD and another was 1750 AD to 1820 AD. The main characteristic of thecalamity periods is that they occurred by turns, and sometimes, both drought and flooding occurredin the same year. The instability of the climatic changes in the Little Ice Age may be the mainreason of the frequently-occurring flooding and drought in Hai'an region. Research results also showthat the frequently-occurring periods of flooding and drought is in close relationship with thesolar activity, and therefore, occurrence of the flooding and drought may be in relation with theintensity of the solar activity. This hypothesis may need further study in the future.
文摘Based on relevant in-service experience, this paper discusses how risks associated with station-keeping systems can be controlled through adequate design criteria, inspection, repair and maintenance practice, as well as quality assurance and control of the engineering processes. Particular focus must be placed on quantitative design for system robustness. The application of structural reliability analysis to quantify safety is briefly reviewed. In particular it was emphasized that reliability predictions based on normal uncertainties and variability yielded lower failure rates than those experienced for predictions of hulls and catenary mooring systems; gross errors in design, fabrication and operation were responsible. For this reason the broad safety management approach mentioned above was proposed. Moreover, it was found that this approach needed to be supported by a quantitative risk assessment. Finally, the challenges in dealing with the effects of human factors in risk management are outlined, along with means to deal with them in a qualitative manner, by the so-called barrier method to limit risk.
基金the National Scientific and Technological R&D Program Nos 2006AA09Z149,GYHY200706031the Scientific and Technological R&D Program of Qingdao No05-2-NS-35
文摘The Chinese east coastal areas and marginal seas are foggy regions. The development of effective forecasting methods rests upon a comprehensive knowledge of the fog phenomena. This study provides new observations associated with the sea togs over the northwestern Yellow Sea by means of L-band radar soundings with a high vertical resolution of 30m. The monthly tem- perature lapse rate, the Richardson Nulnbers, and the humidity show obvious seasonal variations in the lower level of the planetary boundary layer （PBL） that are related to the onset, peak and end of the Yellow Sea fog season. The typical pattern of stratification for the sea fog season in the northwestern Yellow Sea is that a stable layer of about 400 m thick caps a 150 m conditionally unstable layer Besides, the differences between togs and stratus clouds in terms of humidity, turbulence and temperature are analyzed, which is of significance for sea fog forecast and detection by satellites. The thickness of the sea fogs varies in different stages of the fog season, and is associated with the temperature inversion. The numerical simulation proves that the seasonal variations obtained by the radar well represent the situations over the Yellow Sea.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (Grant No.2005CB422304)the Ocean University of China Scientific Research Start-up Funds Project for Introduced Talents
文摘The DFI-1 submarine pipeline was investigated using a dual-frequency side-scan sonar and a swath sounder system. More than a hundred scour pits under the pipeline were found, most of which have caused the span of the pipeline to increase and threatened its safety. The maximum allowable free span length （MAFSL） of the pipeline was determined through the limitations re- garding maximum allowable stress under static or quasi-static loads and the onset of Vortex Induced Vibrations （VIV） under different hydrodynamic actions. The results show that the MAFSL under static conditions is 56m. However, the MAFSLs are 30m and 20m under ordinary weather conditions and hurricane-induced currents for the 100-year return period, respectively, to avoid VIV as cal- culated by using the highest safety class factor. It is suggested that spanning pipelines longer than 20 m should be supported. Addi- tionally, eight successive spans which may also threaten the pipeline were proposed. The most hazardous scour pits are along the pipeline section from KP42 to KP51.
基金Supported by 111 Project Foundation under Grant No.B07019the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grand No.50979020
文摘Wind power has made rapid progress and should gain significance as an energy resource,given growing interest in renewable energy and clean energy.Offshore wind energy resources have attracted significant attention,as,compared with land-based wind energy resources,offshore wind energy resources are more promising candidates for development.Sea winds are generally stronger and more reliable and with improvements in technology,the sea has become a hot spot for new designs and installation methods for wind turbines.In the present paper,based on experience building offshore wind farms,recommended foundation styles have been examined.Furthermore,wave effects have been investigated.The split installation and overall installation have been illustrated.Methods appropriate when installing a small number of turbines as well as those useful when installing large numbers of turbines were analyzed.This investigation of installation methods for wind turbines should provide practical technical guidance for their installation.
文摘Scalenus syndrome is a kind of thoracicoutlet syndrome. I treated 16 such cases withmassage in combination with acupointinjection from 1989-1996. The results weresatisfactory and introduced as follows.
