The 16th-century Protestant Reformation shattered the foundations of faith and art. As traditional theology was both besieged and defended, art had to adapt. Of course, a new theology needed new kinds of pictorial ext...The 16th-century Protestant Reformation shattered the foundations of faith and art. As traditional theology was both besieged and defended, art had to adapt. Of course, a new theology needed new kinds of pictorial extrapolations. But truly, the most interesting change was hidden in plain sight. Subjects that may have looked familiar were in fact utterly new, because subversive ideas and contexts uprooted older meanings. The painting Madonna with Parrots （1533）, by Hans Baldung Grien demoted the chaste protectress by transforming her into a flawed, even dangerous, human mother. In the painting, an oddly sultry Virgin shows off her breast, her shoulder, and her chest as a parrot nibbles her neck. The complexities of Baldung＇s painting underpin debates about the status of the Virgin during the Reformation and the freedom of an artist to tamper with sacred subject matter.展开更多
The basic problem of given paper is a role of women-empresses in the process of spreading Buddhism in Japan during VI-VIII cc. There are many evidences that during the process of spreading Buddhism in the Far East and...The basic problem of given paper is a role of women-empresses in the process of spreading Buddhism in Japan during VI-VIII cc. There are many evidences that during the process of spreading Buddhism in the Far East and South-East Asia, the principles of Buddhist doctrine became a part of the state ideology in many cases due to the patronage of the powerful laywomen. In Japan, thanks to the activity of empresses Suiko （597-628）, Jito （645-703） and Koken （718-770）. Buddhism could integrate into the system of traditional religion Shinto, developing further into Shinto-Buddhist syncretism. During the reign of Suiko about a hundred of the Buddhists, temples have been constructed through all the country and a system of religious bureaucracy ＂Sogo＂ was founded. Empress Jito took part in religious reforms during the second half of VII century and sent Buddhist missionaries to the local aborigines haya to and emishi. Empress Koken after the death of her father-emperor Shomu continued his policy to constructing the state ideology on the basis of Buddhism and was the first ruler in the history of early-medieval Japan, who permitted Buddhists to take part in the Shinto ceremonies. Therefore, the study of the role of empresses in spreading of Buddhism in Japan is important for understanding the history of religious and cultural traditions in Japan.展开更多
The Jewish Decalogue has not only been depicted in the Qur＇an of the Middle Ages, but also was transmitted into the early modem era. The teaching of the Decalogue was one of the major biblical sources the 16th centur...The Jewish Decalogue has not only been depicted in the Qur＇an of the Middle Ages, but also was transmitted into the early modem era. The teaching of the Decalogue was one of the major biblical sources the 16th century reformist people adopted to defend their new religious movement against the Medieval Catholic tradition. In particular, when Martin Luther led a new protestant church, he wrote a clear commentary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms in 1529. The Small Catechism was for training of children. The Large Catechism was an institutional manual for pastors or teachers. The German reformer independently applied the Exodus version （20：17） of the Decalogue in the Large Catechism. Then, how did Luther use the Decalogue in the light of his reformation campaign？ How has his metaphorical discourse been revealed on the Decalogue？ This paper explores the textual genre and historical context of the Reformation teaching in unveiling Luther＇s religio-political intention over the authority and power of the traditional papacy.展开更多
文摘The 16th-century Protestant Reformation shattered the foundations of faith and art. As traditional theology was both besieged and defended, art had to adapt. Of course, a new theology needed new kinds of pictorial extrapolations. But truly, the most interesting change was hidden in plain sight. Subjects that may have looked familiar were in fact utterly new, because subversive ideas and contexts uprooted older meanings. The painting Madonna with Parrots （1533）, by Hans Baldung Grien demoted the chaste protectress by transforming her into a flawed, even dangerous, human mother. In the painting, an oddly sultry Virgin shows off her breast, her shoulder, and her chest as a parrot nibbles her neck. The complexities of Baldung＇s painting underpin debates about the status of the Virgin during the Reformation and the freedom of an artist to tamper with sacred subject matter.
文摘The basic problem of given paper is a role of women-empresses in the process of spreading Buddhism in Japan during VI-VIII cc. There are many evidences that during the process of spreading Buddhism in the Far East and South-East Asia, the principles of Buddhist doctrine became a part of the state ideology in many cases due to the patronage of the powerful laywomen. In Japan, thanks to the activity of empresses Suiko （597-628）, Jito （645-703） and Koken （718-770）. Buddhism could integrate into the system of traditional religion Shinto, developing further into Shinto-Buddhist syncretism. During the reign of Suiko about a hundred of the Buddhists, temples have been constructed through all the country and a system of religious bureaucracy ＂Sogo＂ was founded. Empress Jito took part in religious reforms during the second half of VII century and sent Buddhist missionaries to the local aborigines haya to and emishi. Empress Koken after the death of her father-emperor Shomu continued his policy to constructing the state ideology on the basis of Buddhism and was the first ruler in the history of early-medieval Japan, who permitted Buddhists to take part in the Shinto ceremonies. Therefore, the study of the role of empresses in spreading of Buddhism in Japan is important for understanding the history of religious and cultural traditions in Japan.
文摘The Jewish Decalogue has not only been depicted in the Qur＇an of the Middle Ages, but also was transmitted into the early modem era. The teaching of the Decalogue was one of the major biblical sources the 16th century reformist people adopted to defend their new religious movement against the Medieval Catholic tradition. In particular, when Martin Luther led a new protestant church, he wrote a clear commentary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms in 1529. The Small Catechism was for training of children. The Large Catechism was an institutional manual for pastors or teachers. The German reformer independently applied the Exodus version （20：17） of the Decalogue in the Large Catechism. Then, how did Luther use the Decalogue in the light of his reformation campaign？ How has his metaphorical discourse been revealed on the Decalogue？ This paper explores the textual genre and historical context of the Reformation teaching in unveiling Luther＇s religio-political intention over the authority and power of the traditional papacy.
