As the construction of identities is said to be within and not outside discourse, identities are thus produced in specific historical and institutional sites and within specific discursive formations and practices. Th...As the construction of identities is said to be within and not outside discourse, identities are thus produced in specific historical and institutional sites and within specific discursive formations and practices. These formations and practices, under which identities are produced, are explored within the Diaspora space of West Yorkshire occupied by Sudanese Muslim women. The paper interrogates Sudanese women＇s identities and questions how the experiences of exile and Diaspora transform women＇s identities and influence the gender roles to which they relate. This study is an attempt to add to migration, refugee, exile and ＂race＂ studies and the studies of Black and religious identity in the Western Diaspora space. The paper maintains that if all identities are thought to operate through exclusion, then identities are constructed through difference. Therefore, the identities of African Muslim women are constructed through the relation to the Other.展开更多
Torture has always been regarded as a tool for confession and applied throughout history. In cases when requesting and convincing do not work, threatening or torturing has been considered to be a ＂right＂ to do. Tort...Torture has always been regarded as a tool for confession and applied throughout history. In cases when requesting and convincing do not work, threatening or torturing has been considered to be a ＂right＂ to do. Torture was used in Ancient Rome, in Europe in Medieval Age, and in England even though it was against unwritten law, and applied in USA secretly today. Since ancient times, people have been used to torturing for similar purposes. Today, torture is put into practice again for similar purposes such as forcing people to live according to religious beliefs and looking after the benefits of the government. Torture museums found in many European countries make visitors confused as these museums display terrifying tools applied to the Christian community in Medieval Age and then used by Christians to torture ＂Deviants＂.展开更多
John Herbinius （1633-1679） was a well-known Lutheran theologian and writer. Living long time on the territory of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth （in contemporary Vilnus）, he wrote a description of the Kyiv religiou...John Herbinius （1633-1679） was a well-known Lutheran theologian and writer. Living long time on the territory of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth （in contemporary Vilnus）, he wrote a description of the Kyiv religious caves, which was published in 1675 in Jena. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the further understanding and interpretation of the church history and inter-confessional relations on the territory on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the middle of the 17th century, and its later influence on historical and cultural development. Herbinius, being deeply connected with the West-European Protestant world, and at the same time, living in multi-cultural and multi-religious Vilnius, tried to maneuver between the religious tolerance and confessional loyalty, the adherence to the ideas of German reformation and a personal friendship with the Orthodox clergy. The methodology of this work includes historical, inter-confessional, heuristic, biographical, reader-orientated, and linguistic approaches, textual, contextual, and comparative analysis. This article has shown that the Protestant author percepted and treated the Orthodox Church in a very positive way： Church customs, canonical law, and discipline, clergy, and even monasticism did not provoke any criticism from his side. However, on the questions of iconolatry and confessional exclusivism of the Orthodox Church Herbinius could not refrain from criticism. They evidently contradicted his views on real Christian piety and religious tolerance.展开更多
文摘As the construction of identities is said to be within and not outside discourse, identities are thus produced in specific historical and institutional sites and within specific discursive formations and practices. These formations and practices, under which identities are produced, are explored within the Diaspora space of West Yorkshire occupied by Sudanese Muslim women. The paper interrogates Sudanese women＇s identities and questions how the experiences of exile and Diaspora transform women＇s identities and influence the gender roles to which they relate. This study is an attempt to add to migration, refugee, exile and ＂race＂ studies and the studies of Black and religious identity in the Western Diaspora space. The paper maintains that if all identities are thought to operate through exclusion, then identities are constructed through difference. Therefore, the identities of African Muslim women are constructed through the relation to the Other.
文摘Torture has always been regarded as a tool for confession and applied throughout history. In cases when requesting and convincing do not work, threatening or torturing has been considered to be a ＂right＂ to do. Torture was used in Ancient Rome, in Europe in Medieval Age, and in England even though it was against unwritten law, and applied in USA secretly today. Since ancient times, people have been used to torturing for similar purposes. Today, torture is put into practice again for similar purposes such as forcing people to live according to religious beliefs and looking after the benefits of the government. Torture museums found in many European countries make visitors confused as these museums display terrifying tools applied to the Christian community in Medieval Age and then used by Christians to torture ＂Deviants＂.
文摘John Herbinius （1633-1679） was a well-known Lutheran theologian and writer. Living long time on the territory of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth （in contemporary Vilnus）, he wrote a description of the Kyiv religious caves, which was published in 1675 in Jena. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the further understanding and interpretation of the church history and inter-confessional relations on the territory on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the middle of the 17th century, and its later influence on historical and cultural development. Herbinius, being deeply connected with the West-European Protestant world, and at the same time, living in multi-cultural and multi-religious Vilnius, tried to maneuver between the religious tolerance and confessional loyalty, the adherence to the ideas of German reformation and a personal friendship with the Orthodox clergy. The methodology of this work includes historical, inter-confessional, heuristic, biographical, reader-orientated, and linguistic approaches, textual, contextual, and comparative analysis. This article has shown that the Protestant author percepted and treated the Orthodox Church in a very positive way： Church customs, canonical law, and discipline, clergy, and even monasticism did not provoke any criticism from his side. However, on the questions of iconolatry and confessional exclusivism of the Orthodox Church Herbinius could not refrain from criticism. They evidently contradicted his views on real Christian piety and religious tolerance.
