“延祐科举”与四书学官学地位的制度化

元仁宗皇庆、延祐年间的恢复科举,对四书学的发展产生了重要影响。朱熹的《四书集注》成为士子考试最主要的依据,这使得四书学的发展与国家权力制度实现了有效链接,四书学的官学地位最终实现了制度化。这一过程包含着深刻的政治元素,这就是蒙古统治者追求"政权的合法性"与汉族儒士追求"文化的优越性"的需求,两者在科举考试中均得到了满足。

北宋荆公新学官学地位的演进

在整个北宋中后期,长达六十多年当中,荆公新学一直作为北宋的官方意识形态,其官学地位的演进经历了神宗、哲宗、徽宗、钦宗四个朝代。这四个时期是荆公新学官学地位初步确立、得到巩固、顶峰、动摇的阶段。

Problems in the Field of Systematics and Investigation of Conifers in Russia

The largest and most important family in Russian conifers is Pinaceae （27-29 species）. The most important problems in the field of systemitics concern some critical taxa. In the result of author＇s research, the new signs of vegetative and reproductive organs have been checked out and elaborated. It leads to the clarifying of new taxonomic status and geographical distribution of certain critical taxa. A set of species are threatened and need special measures which are included into the Red Data Book of Russian Federation. for their conservation. There are 13 species and one variety