谈“亚细亚方式”对中国古代经济的阻滞作用

本文首先分析了马克思所揭示的东方的“亚细亚方式” ,即名义上的“公有”———“国有” ,而实际上的少数人所有制的本质。叙述了“井田制”以后的原始公社的遗留造成了形式的公有而实际私有的“亚细亚生产方式”。指出其“家长式奴隶制“的弊端。分析了我国古代史上生产关系和生产力的真实状况 ,尤其分析了中国封建社会生产工具无改进、无变化的现象。指出“国有”不等于“公有” ,人身依附关系是束缚生产力发展的重要桎梏。

从“百工”与“百官”的语词变迁

本文对于古籍文献中“百工”一词的多义和歧义现象进行分析、考证,发现它与“百官”一词的关系错综复杂,于是从字形、声音及文化历史的研究对比中取证,认为“百工”作为上古一官职名,后世直接对译成“百官”实际上存在混淆和误解,却也可从中看出它们意义上的联系与区别,对这一特殊语词的变化的历史考证将对训诂学有所补益。

Sensory Analysis Technology and Its Application in Food Industry

Sensory analysis technology has been widely used in food industry, involved with new product development, and the control of food quality. The sensory analysis technology is applied to analyze products of similar category, which can provide references for product improvement. This paper briefly introduced the definition of sensory evaluation, analysis methods and influence factors as well as the application of sensory analysis technology in food industry.

Tissue-engineered graft constructed by self-derived cells and heterogeneous acellular matrix

Background： Endothelial and smooth muscle cells were used as seeding cells and heterogeneous acellularized matrix was used as scaffold to construct the tissue-engineered graft. Methods： A 2 weeks piglet was selected as a donor of seeding cells. Two-centimetre length of common carotid artery was dissected. Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells were harvested by trypsin and collagenase digestion respectively. The isolated cells were cultured and expanded using routine cell culture technique. An adult sheep was used as a donor of acellularized matrix. The thoracic aorta was harvested and processed by a multi-step decellularizing technique to remove the original cells and preserve the elastic and collagen fibers. The cultured smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells were then seeded to the acellularized matrix and incubated in vitro for another 2 weeks. The cell seeded graft was then transplanted to the cell-donated piglet to substitute part of the native pulmonary artery. Results： The cultured cells from piglet were characterized as endothelial cells by the presence of specific antigens vWF and CD31, and smooth muscle cells by the presence of specific antigen a-actin on the cell surface respectively with immunohistochemical technique. After decellularizing processing for the thoracic aorta from sheep, all the cellular components were extracted and elastic and collagen fibers kept their original morphology and structure. The maximal load of acellular matrix was decreased and 20% lower than that of untreated thoracic aorta, but the maximal tensions between them were not different statistically and they had similar load-tension curves. Three months after transplantation, the animal was sacrificed and the graft was removed for observation. The results showed that the inner surfaces of the graft were smooth, without thrombosis and calcification. Under microscopy, a great number of growing cells could be seen and elastic and collagen fibers were abundant. Conclusion： Cultured self-derived endothelial and smooth muscle cells could be used as seeding cells and heterogeneous acellularized matrix could be used as scaffold in constructing tissue-engineered graft.

A Review of 3D Printing Technology for Medical Applications

Donor shortages for organ transplantations are a major clinical challenge worldwide. Potential risks that are inevitably encountered with traditional methods include complications, secondary injuries, and limited source donors. Three-dimensional （3D） printing technology holds the potential to solve these limitations; it can he used to rapidly manufacture personalized tissue engineering scaffolds, repair tissue defects in situ with cells, and even directly print tissue and organs. Such printed implants and organs not only perfectly match the patient＇s damaged tissue, hut can also have engineered material microstructures and cell arrangements to promote cell growth and differentiation. Thus, such implants allow the desired tissue repair to he achieved, and could eventually solve the donor-shortage problem. This review summarizes relevant studies and recent progress on four levels, introduces different types of biomedical materials, and discusses existing problems and development issues with 3D printing that are related to materials and to the construction of extracellular matrix in vitro for medical applications.

Ontogeny of the Lymphoid Organs of Japanese Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

Histological study on the ontogeny of the lymphoid organs, kidney, thymus and spleen of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, from hatching to 40 d was carried out. The pronephric kidney duct appeared early in hatching although the primordial haemopoietic stem cells were observed within a week after hatching. The spleen was first seen after 8 d of hatching. The thymus appeared after 15 d, situated near the pronephric kidney. Small lymphoid cells appeared during the later phase of the post-larval stage in the sequence of thymus, kidney and spleen. During the 40 d of observations, there were no distinct inner or outer zones in thymus and no red or white pulp in spleen. These results suggest that the nonspecific defense immune system plays a very important role in the early larval stage of Japanese flounder.

Design of a New Multifunctional Wheelchair-bed

Currently, the aging of the population has become the world＇s social problem. With the increase of aging population and lots of disability, paralysis makes nursing care more difficult. Because of many elderly cannot get timely care, the phenomenon that the elderly have chronic diseases has become more and more serious. It is important to research and develop a new product which can help the elderly and the disabled for improving the quality of their life. This paper suggests a new type of mnltifunctional self-caring wheelchair-bed, which is combined with a wheelchair and a bed. The bed can realize the free conversion among user sitting, leg lifting and lying down, and also can implement the function of turning on sides. Particularly, the wheelchair can be easily separated from the bed and combined, so that patients and the elderly can move freely using it, and even it can be transformed into a standing type to satisfy the patient＇s standing demand, and to a certain extent, carry out the purpose of rehabilitation.

NH_2 Ion Implantations Induced Superior Cell Attachment of Carbon Nanotubes

Objective： Cell and platelet attachment on the multiwalled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs） were studied by ion implantation. Methods： NH2 ion implantation was performed at the energy of 30 keV with the fluence of 1 x 1016 ions/era2 at room temperature. Results： The cell attachment tests showed interesting results in that the number of the platclets adhering on the surface of the MWCNTs was reduced significantly after NH2 ion implantation, whereas, mouse fibroblast cells （L929） cultured on NH2 ion implanted MWCNTs displayed higher cell-viability, proliferation, and stretching compared with MWCNTs. Conclusion： No appreciable change in the tensile strength and the optical transmittance of the implanted samples was observed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis showed that NH2 ion implantation caused the formation of new N-containing groups.

A Method for Assessing the Interaction Environment of Organizations

This paper presents a method for assessing the influence of the interaction environment of an organization. The interaction environment of an organization is composed of three elements： （1） the physical structure of the organization, including numbers of buildings, floors, common gathering areas, size, industry, and physical layout; （2） the information structure, consisting of the numbers and types of communication channels in the organization; and （3） the social structure, consisting of both individual-level assessments of the social environment of the organization as well as the organizational attempts to create a more social environment. This assessment tool has been tested in a large-scale study of organ donation campaigns in 46 organizations. Findings from this earlier test of the assessment tool demonstrate that interaction environment influences the way people communicate about, seek information about, and make decisions about health-related topics in organizations. Additionally, the individual elements of the interaction environment work in complex ways and also influence communication patterns and knowledge about health information. This paper details the procedures for using this assessment tool, methods for analyzing the findings, limitations of the tool, and areas in need of refinements and further researches.

Effect of Inflow and Outflow Angles on the Computational Hemodynamics in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

To help the clinical screening and diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA), we evaluated the effect of inflow angle (IA) and outflow bifurcation angle(BA) on the distribution of blood flow and wall shear stress(WSS) in an idealized AAA model. A 2D incompressible Newtonian flow is assumed and the computational simulation is performed using finite volume method. The results showed that the largest WSS often located at the proximal and the distal end of the AAA. An increase in IA resulted in an increase in maximum WSS. We also found that WSS was maximal when BA was 90°. IA and BA are two important geometrical factors, they may help AAA risk assessment along with the commonly used AAA diameter.

Effect of Osteocytes Subjected to Fluid Flow on Osteoblasts

Osteocytes act as mechanosensors in bone, which can send mechanical signals directly to osteoblasts through gap junctions. However, under physiological conditions the number of gap junctions is limited because of the quantity variance of the two kinds of cells. In this study, the possibility of indirect interaction between these two cells was investigated. A new flow champer was designed in which osteocytes and osteoblasts were cocultured in two champers separately. 0steocytes were exposed to fluid flow and then the ALP activity, osteocalcin and osteopotin of osteoblasts were determined. The results showed that either ALP activity or production of osteocalcin and osteopotin in osteoblasts that were cocuhured with sheared osteocytes increased, which indicated that osteocytes could regulate osteoblasts indirectly through some soluble factors.

Optimization of Cross-section of Stent Wire in Trapezoidal Shape for the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysm

Grant sponsor： National Natural Science Foundation of China; grant number： 10972016 and 81171107; grant sponsor： Natural Science Foundation of Beijiug; grant number： 3092004

Design of a Novel Waterproof Electronic Sphygmomanometer

A novel waterproof electronic sphygmomanometer is presented in this paper, the special design of sealing structure is used in this sphygmomanometer that allows the system to function normally in water. The system also adopts the rigid air cylinder as air source to ensure accurate detection and chooses the MP3VS050 piezoresistive transducer to ensure the measurement precision of the systolic and diastolic pressure. TI＇s MSP430FC,437 is used as the central processor so that the system can be of advantages of low-power, fast digital processing and high-reliability. The sphygmomanometer was validated by three groups of participants. The experimental data indicates that the measured values of this waterproof electronic sphygmomanometer are consistent with the results of common electric sphygmomanometer, the measure error is less than 5 mmHg, and the system is stable and credible. So the waterproof electronic sphygmomanometer can realize real-time monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate in the water and other special environment.

The in vivo 3D Optic Nerve Head Modeling Based on Human Multimodality Images

Introduction： The human optic nerve head （ONH） is vulnerable to the damage in glaucomatous high intraocular pressure （IOP）. In order to analyze the human ONH head stress and deformation in high IOP, an in vivo three-dimensional （3D） ONH model was reconstructed by optical coherence tomography （OCT） images and magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） images. Materials and Methods： A human eye was scanned by MRI and OCT in serial imaging protocol. The sclera and ONH were segmented from the images, and 3D models were reconstructed by multimodality image registration. Through the morphological segmentation, part of lamina cribrosa （LC） was acquired and reconstructed in combination with the ONH and sclera. Results： The models of ONH and sclera were got, the part of LC was included in the model. In the analysis of FEM, the ONH was compressed and the cup/disk ratio was changed obviously in high glaucomatous IOP. Discussion： This study described a method to build a 3D in vivo ONH model by image processing. It can be used in biomechanieal analysis, and provide the stress state of ONH for the research about the fundus damage of glaucoma.

Microbiological Quality of Traditional Romanian Cheeses from the Rucar-Bran Pass and its Surrounding Regions

The traditional products＇ quality is often recognized based on organoleptic characteristics without considering the microbiological features, which bring a special note to these products＇ composition and aroma. It is especially the case of cheeses, whose taste varies from one geographical region to another depending on specific flora and technological processes used in traditional systems. The paper tries to bring new elements on the methodology used in order to elucidate some aspects related to traditional products＇ quality, products obtained by private producers in the Bra^ov district （Rucar-Bran pass）. Covasna district and Bistrita Nasaud district were analyzed organoleptically, physico-chemically and microbiologically samples of fresh cow cheese, soft cow cheese, smoked curd cheese, gaiter cheese and cottage cheese taken within the strategic and self-control program from individuals in the rural areas of Fundata, Poiana Sibiului, Sirnea, Pfirliu, Cristian, Cincaor, Sohodol, Ranov, Brarov, Bod, Roadea, Harnan, Prejmer, Soars, Rupea, Lunca Calnicului, Balanii, Mari, Bran, Buzaiel, Bacut, H~.lchiu, Fagraa, Moeciu de Sus, Purcaareni, Bran-Simon, Venelia de Jos, Vama Buzatului, lntorsura Buzaului, Vatrghia and Sita Buzaului.

Preparation of Compound Drinks of Jujube,Medlar and Soybean

[ Objective] The aim is to produce compound drinks of jujube, medlar and soybean. [Method] Taking jujube, medlar and soybeam as raw material, the technologies to process compound drinks were studied. The key working procedure was determined. Factors that influenced quali-ty of drinks were studied.[ Result] The best formula was： 30% ：30% ：30% of jujube： medlar： soybean. The color fixative of Vc was 0.02%. The ratio of materials and water was 1 ： 5 mg/ml. The addition of stabilizer xanthan was 0.20%. The addition of white crystal sugar was 6%. [ Conclu-slo] The sensual evaluation of the compound juice of jujube, medlar and soybean was good and the quality achieved national standard.

Liver bioengineering:Current status and future perspectives

The present review aims to illustrate the strategies that are being implemented to regenerate or bioengineer livers for clinical purposes.There are two general pathways to liver bioengineering and regeneration.The first consists of creating a supporting scaffold,either synthetically or by decellularization of human or animal organs,and seeding cells on the scaffold,where they will mature either in bioreactors or in vivo.This strategy seems to offer the quickest route to clinical translation,as demonstrated by the development of liver organoids from rodent livers which were repopulated with organ specific cells of animal and/or human origin.Liver bioengineering has potential for transplantation and for toxicity testing during preclinical drug development.The second possibility is to induce liver regeneration of dead or resected tissue by manipulating cell pathways.In fact,it is well known that the liver has peculiar regenerative potential which allows hepatocyte hyperplasia after amputation of liver volume.Infusion of autologous bone marrow cells,which aids in liver regeneration,into patients was shown to be safe and to improve their clinical condition,but the specific cells responsible for liver regeneration have not yet been determined and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.A complete understanding of the cell pathways and dynamics and of the functioning of liver stem cell niche is necessary for the clinical translation of regenerative medicine strategies.As well,it will be crucial to elucidate the mechanisms through which cells interact with the extracellular matrix,and how this latter supports and drives cell fate.

Biotransformation of Ternary Mixture of Organic Industrial Waste into Poultry Feed

The objective of present study was to produce poultry feed with a best quality using ternary mixture of industrial wastes： fish industry waste, sugar industry waste （molasses） and yeast waste after 15 d biotransformation using response surface methodology to design and analyze the experiment data. Changes in the nutritional quality and biochemical properties viz., pH, dry matter, conductivity, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, trimethylamine, protein, fat, carbohydrate, histamine, aflatoxins and minerals were evaluated during a biotransformation period of 15 d. The experimental findings revealed that the formulation including 50% of fish waste, 12.5% of molasses and 37.50% of yeast waste were found to be best quality poultry waste. It was characterized as odorless, with a stable pH, rich in protein, fat and carbohydrate as well as no alterations of bacteria and absence aflatoxins from the fifth day on ward. The nutritional value of the developed poultry fees was studied on a population of broiler chickens by incorporating with barley flour and eggshell. The product possesses a better nutritional quality comparable to commercially feed.

释“隐官”

'隐官'一名仅见于睡虎地秦简、里耶秦简、张家山汉初简,共八条。据简文综合诠释,隐官应是官府专门安置原被判刑,后被赎免或获平反的原有残疾或因受刑致残的一般庶民或隶臣妾的收容所。被收容在隐官收容所里的人就叫'隐官工',省称'隐官'。张家山《二年律令》可能是萧何九章律的摘录或照抄。《二年律令·户律》中提到按爵位授土地和住所的政策,基本上可信。

A Review of Modeling Approaches and Tools for the Off-design Simulation of Organic Rankine Cycle

Organic Rankine Cycles(ORCs) are an effective way to produce electricity from low-grade heat sources, which cannot be effectively obtained using conventional high-temperature Rankine cycles. Due to the lack of available information regarding the real Organic Rankine Cycle units on industrial level, off-design simulation under diversified operating conditions plays a significant role for both the system performance prediction and control strategy design. This paper summarizes the theoretical basis, modeling approaches and tools for ORC off-design simulations. Firstly, a review was conducted on the individual state-of-the-art convective heat transfer correlations and void fraction models. Secondly, different kinds of modeling approaches and simulation tools were proposed, highlighting their relevant characteristics, and were categorized for their specific applications. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of technical challenges related to various applications and focusing on the model accuracy and complexity, computational efficiency, as well as the model compatibility were extensively described and discussed. Finally, the current research trends in this field and the development for further investigations were presented.