This study is looking specifically at the pre- and post-game stresses placed on referees and match officials. The initial research has indicated that although people are aware that referees suffer from stress during m...This study is looking specifically at the pre- and post-game stresses placed on referees and match officials. The initial research has indicated that although people are aware that referees suffer from stress during matches, many of the causes of these stresses can have an ongoing affect leading into pre- and post-game stresses. Identified causes of pre- and post-game stress have included players/coaches, spectators, other referees, commentators, previous results, weather, reputation of the team{s）, and the crowd. Preliminary results of the study have shown that referees suffering from stress are more inclined to ＂drop out＂ of refereeing as well as make mistakes when they are refereeing, including misinterpreting rules, missing incidents in matches which well as the cost/investment could result in players injuries. There is also the concern of the lack of numbers of new referees as in referees who drop out because of the stress and abuse.展开更多
Bats carry a variety of viruses, and some of them cause public health problems. Macao, which is famous for its gambling industry, has a complex population structure. The globalization in such an international metropol...Bats carry a variety of viruses, and some of them cause public health problems. Macao, which is famous for its gambling industry, has a complex population structure. The globalization in such an international metropolis has enhanced the chance of disease transmission. Therefore, surveillance of zoonotic viruses is necessary for the early warning of potential emerging infectious diseases.Here, we report the first surveillance of bat viruses in Macao. In this study, we collected 1004 samples involving 10 bat species from 7 sites from April 2015 to May 2016, and examined the presence of viruses using nucleic acid-based methods. Coronaviruses, adenoviruses and paramyxoviruses were detected in these samples, with a high prevalence of coronaviruses. While,none was positive for hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus or hantavirus. Co-infections are not common in those bat species, but coronavirus HKU6 and adenovirus can be found commonly occurred in Myotis ricketti.展开更多
文摘This study is looking specifically at the pre- and post-game stresses placed on referees and match officials. The initial research has indicated that although people are aware that referees suffer from stress during matches, many of the causes of these stresses can have an ongoing affect leading into pre- and post-game stresses. Identified causes of pre- and post-game stress have included players/coaches, spectators, other referees, commentators, previous results, weather, reputation of the team{s）, and the crowd. Preliminary results of the study have shown that referees suffering from stress are more inclined to ＂drop out＂ of refereeing as well as make mistakes when they are refereeing, including misinterpreting rules, missing incidents in matches which well as the cost/investment could result in players injuries. There is also the concern of the lack of numbers of new referees as in referees who drop out because of the stress and abuse.
基金financed by the Environment Construction & Capacity Building of GDAS’Research Platform(2016GDASPT-0215)the Science & Technology Planning Project of Guangdong(2013B050800024 and 2015A020209093)Science & Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou(201707010128)
文摘Bats carry a variety of viruses, and some of them cause public health problems. Macao, which is famous for its gambling industry, has a complex population structure. The globalization in such an international metropolis has enhanced the chance of disease transmission. Therefore, surveillance of zoonotic viruses is necessary for the early warning of potential emerging infectious diseases.Here, we report the first surveillance of bat viruses in Macao. In this study, we collected 1004 samples involving 10 bat species from 7 sites from April 2015 to May 2016, and examined the presence of viruses using nucleic acid-based methods. Coronaviruses, adenoviruses and paramyxoviruses were detected in these samples, with a high prevalence of coronaviruses. While,none was positive for hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus or hantavirus. Co-infections are not common in those bat species, but coronavirus HKU6 and adenovirus can be found commonly occurred in Myotis ricketti.
