The arguments in this paper lead to a new definition of thermodynamic equilibrium that remedies the deficiencies of the current forms. This definition relates thermodynamic equilibrium to its physical causes and accou...The arguments in this paper lead to a new definition of thermodynamic equilibrium that remedies the deficiencies of the current forms. This definition relates thermodynamic equilibrium to its physical causes and accounts for all factors that determine it for all types of equilibrium. Standard definitions of thermodynamic equilibrium are incomplete. They do not take account of all factors that determine such equilibriums, discuss the impediments which may prevent them being reached or relate the properties that define equilibriums to the physical reasons that determine them when impediments are present. The laws of thermodynamics determine the requirements for equilibrium. These laws arise from the physical behaviour of the molecules in molecular systems and are consequences of the conservation of energy, the energies of molecules, statistics, Newton's laws of motion, and the equi-partition of energy. The standard definition of thermodynamic equilibrium correctly defines equilibrium whenever impediments are not factors. The discussion demonstrates how impediments arise, accounts for their role in defining equilibrium and how they relate to the energies of molecules at the conditions of the system. The new definition applies to all types of equilibrium.展开更多
A new definition of the alternative coherent-mode representation of a random planar source with the a priori unknown statistical properties is proposed. This definition is based on the measurements of the source cross...A new definition of the alternative coherent-mode representation of a random planar source with the a priori unknown statistical properties is proposed. This definition is based on the measurements of the source cross-spectral density followed by the optimal approximation of the obtained results in the chosen basis of modal functions. The proposed definition is illustrated by the results of numerical simulation.展开更多
In this paper we study a quasi-linear hyperbolic system, with some integral operators, arising from an atmospheric model on the transition of water. By using the method of characteristics and a fixed point argument, w...In this paper we study a quasi-linear hyperbolic system, with some integral operators, arising from an atmospheric model on the transition of water. By using the method of characteristics and a fixed point argument, we prove a theorem of existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence on data, in Lipschitz class, of the solution to this problem.展开更多
文摘The arguments in this paper lead to a new definition of thermodynamic equilibrium that remedies the deficiencies of the current forms. This definition relates thermodynamic equilibrium to its physical causes and accounts for all factors that determine it for all types of equilibrium. Standard definitions of thermodynamic equilibrium are incomplete. They do not take account of all factors that determine such equilibriums, discuss the impediments which may prevent them being reached or relate the properties that define equilibriums to the physical reasons that determine them when impediments are present. The laws of thermodynamics determine the requirements for equilibrium. These laws arise from the physical behaviour of the molecules in molecular systems and are consequences of the conservation of energy, the energies of molecules, statistics, Newton's laws of motion, and the equi-partition of energy. The standard definition of thermodynamic equilibrium correctly defines equilibrium whenever impediments are not factors. The discussion demonstrates how impediments arise, accounts for their role in defining equilibrium and how they relate to the energies of molecules at the conditions of the system. The new definition applies to all types of equilibrium.
文摘A new definition of the alternative coherent-mode representation of a random planar source with the a priori unknown statistical properties is proposed. This definition is based on the measurements of the source cross-spectral density followed by the optimal approximation of the obtained results in the chosen basis of modal functions. The proposed definition is illustrated by the results of numerical simulation.
文摘In this paper we study a quasi-linear hyperbolic system, with some integral operators, arising from an atmospheric model on the transition of water. By using the method of characteristics and a fixed point argument, we prove a theorem of existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence on data, in Lipschitz class, of the solution to this problem.