Background:Athletes have been shown to exhibit better balance compared to non-athletes(NON).However,few studies have investigated how the surface on which athletes train affects the strategies adopted to maintain bala...Background:Athletes have been shown to exhibit better balance compared to non-athletes(NON).However,few studies have investigated how the surface on which athletes train affects the strategies adopted to maintain balance.Two distinct athlete groups who experience different types of sport-specific balance training are stable surface athletes(SSA) such as basketball players and those who train on unstable surfaces(USA) such as surfers.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training surface on dynamic balance in athletes compared to NON.Methods:Eight NON,eight SSA,and eight USA performed five 20-s trials in each of five experimental conditions including a static condition and four dynamic conditions in which the support surface translated in the anteroposterior(AP) or mediolateral(ML) planes using positive or negative feedback paradigms.Approximate entropy(Ap En) and root mean square distance(RMS) of the center of pressure(Co P) were calculated for the AP and ML directions.Four 3 × 5(group × condition) repeated measures ANOVAs were used to determine significant effects of group and condition on variables of interest.Results:USA exhibited smaller Ap En values than SSA in the AP signals while no significant differences were observed in the ML Co P signals.Generally,the negative feedback conditions were associated with significantly greater RMS values than the positive feedback conditions.Conclusion:USA exhibit unique postural strategies compared to SSA.These unique strategies seemingly exhibit a direction-specific attribute and may be associated with divergent motor control strategies.展开更多
Tailoring tire pore structure and surface chemistry of graphene-based laminates is essentially important for their applications as separation membranes. Usually, pure graphene oxide （GO） and completely reduced GO （...Tailoring tire pore structure and surface chemistry of graphene-based laminates is essentially important for their applications as separation membranes. Usually, pure graphene oxide （GO） and completely reduced GO （rGO） membranes suffer florn low water permeance because of the lack of pristine graphitic sp2 domains and very small interlayer spacing, respectively. In this work, we studied the influence of reduction degree on the structure and separation pertornrance of rGO membranes, tt was found that weak reduction retains the good dispersion and hydrophilicity of GO nanosheets. More importantly, it increases the number of pristine graphitic sp2 domains in rGO nanosheets while keeping the large interlayer spacing of the GO membranes in most regions at the same time. The resultant mernbranes show a high water permeance of 56.3 L m^-2 h^ -1 bar^ -1, which is about 4 times and over 10^4 times larger tban those of the GO and completely reduced rGO membranes, respectively, and high rejection over 95700 for various dyes. Furthermore, they show better structure stability and more superior separation perfor- mance than GO membranes in acid and alkali environments.展开更多
文摘Background:Athletes have been shown to exhibit better balance compared to non-athletes(NON).However,few studies have investigated how the surface on which athletes train affects the strategies adopted to maintain balance.Two distinct athlete groups who experience different types of sport-specific balance training are stable surface athletes(SSA) such as basketball players and those who train on unstable surfaces(USA) such as surfers.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training surface on dynamic balance in athletes compared to NON.Methods:Eight NON,eight SSA,and eight USA performed five 20-s trials in each of five experimental conditions including a static condition and four dynamic conditions in which the support surface translated in the anteroposterior(AP) or mediolateral(ML) planes using positive or negative feedback paradigms.Approximate entropy(Ap En) and root mean square distance(RMS) of the center of pressure(Co P) were calculated for the AP and ML directions.Four 3 × 5(group × condition) repeated measures ANOVAs were used to determine significant effects of group and condition on variables of interest.Results:USA exhibited smaller Ap En values than SSA in the AP signals while no significant differences were observed in the ML Co P signals.Generally,the negative feedback conditions were associated with significantly greater RMS values than the positive feedback conditions.Conclusion:USA exhibit unique postural strategies compared to SSA.These unique strategies seemingly exhibit a direction-specific attribute and may be associated with divergent motor control strategies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0200101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51325205,51290273,and51521091)Chinese Academy of Sciences(KGZD-EW-303-1,KGZDEW-T06,174321KYSB20160011,and XDPB06)
文摘Tailoring tire pore structure and surface chemistry of graphene-based laminates is essentially important for their applications as separation membranes. Usually, pure graphene oxide （GO） and completely reduced GO （rGO） membranes suffer florn low water permeance because of the lack of pristine graphitic sp2 domains and very small interlayer spacing, respectively. In this work, we studied the influence of reduction degree on the structure and separation pertornrance of rGO membranes, tt was found that weak reduction retains the good dispersion and hydrophilicity of GO nanosheets. More importantly, it increases the number of pristine graphitic sp2 domains in rGO nanosheets while keeping the large interlayer spacing of the GO membranes in most regions at the same time. The resultant mernbranes show a high water permeance of 56.3 L m^-2 h^ -1 bar^ -1, which is about 4 times and over 10^4 times larger tban those of the GO and completely reduced rGO membranes, respectively, and high rejection over 95700 for various dyes. Furthermore, they show better structure stability and more superior separation perfor- mance than GO membranes in acid and alkali environments.
