用丙烯酸—醋酸乙烯酯—顺丁烯二酸酐共聚物配制定发啫喱的研究

采用廉价原料丙烯酸-醋酸乙烯酯-顺丁烯二酸酐在不同条件下进行乳液共聚反应,制取了水溶性的发用定型树脂。将聚合产物溶于水以配制成简易的定发啫喱,分别测定了它们的卷发保持能力。

三元共聚物的制备及其在定发胶中的应用

以N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)、叔碳酸乙烯酯(VeoVa10)、乙酸乙烯酯(VA)为原料,在偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)引发下合成了一种定发胶——NVP/VA/VeoVa10三元共聚物(NVV)。采用ATR-FTIR、13CNMR对NVV进行了表征,分析了NVP用量对树脂性能的影响,对NVV聚合物用于定发胶时的卷曲保持率和梳理性能进行了测试。结果表明:n(NVP)∶n(VA)∶n(VeoVa10)为2∶1∶1时,与聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)相比,NVV聚合物的定型性能提高了50%,梳理力降低了约150%,所制定型树脂用作定型剂定型自然而持久,与头发的亲和性好,不易被水气润湿,能在头发上形成均匀光滑涂层,适合用做头发定型产品。

The Limit Distribution of Stochastic Evolution Equations Driven by-Stable Non-Gaussian Noise

We study the distribution limit of a class of stochastic evolution equation driven by an additive-stable Non-Gaussian process in the case of α∈(1,2).We prove that,under suitable conditions,the law of the solution converges weakly to the law of a stochastic evolution equation with an additive Gaussian process.

电磁波层析成像在绵阳污水处理工程场地勘探中的应用

电磁波层析成像 (CT)是一种新的地球物理勘探方法 ,不仅勘探精度高 ,而且还具有快速、省钱的优点 ,本文叙述了电磁波层析成像技术的基本原理、工作方法及污水处理工程场地的勘探实例。最终以二维图像的形式直观、清晰地重现地下介质的构造形态 。

Investigation on Pathogenic Factors of Tobacco Root-Knot Nematode Disease in Gengma County,Yunnan Province

Tobacco root-knot nematode disease has caused severe damage in Geng- ma County, Yunnan Province. In order to identify the pathogenic factors of the tobac- co root-knot nematode disease in this county, the pathogenic nematodes, hosts and environment of tobacco fields in Mengsa, Hepai and Sipaishan 3 main tobacco-grow- ing towns in Gengma County were investigated and analyzed based on the local re- lated field survey on tobacco root-knot nematode disease in this county in 2012. The results showed the incidence and severity of the tobacco root-knot nematode disease were all higher than those of previous years. dominant pathogens of the tobacco root-knot The species identification showed the nematode disease were Meloidogyne arenaria and M. javanica in Gengma County. The lacking of disease-resistant culti- vars, poor management and climatic anomaly were the main causes of the tobacco root-knot nematode disease in Gengma. According to the occurrence characteristics of the disease, the agricultural prevention-based control measures were proposed.

Factors affecting headway regularity on bus routes

The common phenomenon of uneven headway in bus service is explored based on the automatic vehicle location （AVL） data of Route 2 in Yichun City of Jiangxi province from 6：00 to 9：00 in the morning. The headway regularity of two stages 6： 00--7：00 and 7： 00--9：00 is comparatively analyzed, and it is found that both the traffic conditions and the passenger demand affect headway regularity. A bus arrival model, which assumes that the dwell time of a bus is linear in headway, is built to probe the effect of scheduled headway, and the model is simulated by Matlab. The simulation results reveal that the departure intervals and fluctuations affect headway regularity. Longer intervals and less fluctuation mean higher regularity of headway. And, the fluctuation has a more obvious influence on headway regularity than the interval. Controlling the fluctuations of scheduled headway can effectively raise the regularity of headway and improve the level of public transport service.

Fracture evolution around pre-existing cylindrical cavities in brittle rocks under uniaxial compression

The development of fracture around pre-existing cylindrical cavities in brittle rocks was examined using physical models and acoustic emission technique. The experimental results indicate that when granite blocks containing one pre-existing cylindrical cavity are loaded in uniaxial compression condition, the profiles of cracks around the cavity can be characterized by tensile cracking （splitting parallel to the axial compression direction） at the roof-floor, compressive crack at two side walls, and remote or secondary cracks at the perimeter of the cavity. Moreover, fracture around cavity is size-dependent. In granite blocks containing pre-existing half-length cylindrical cavities, compressive stress concentration is found to initiate at the two sidewalls and induce shear crack propagation and coalescence. In granite blocks containing multiple parallel cylindrical cavities, the adjacent cylindrical cavities can influence each other and the eventual failure mode is determined by the interaction of tensile, compressive and shear stresses. Experimental results show that both tensile and compressive stresses play an important role in fracture evolution process around cavities in brittle rocks.

Development of a Thermal Fogger-specific Sedimentation Stabilizer

In order to solve the drifting away of thermal fog droplets during thermal spraying and the incompatibility between fog droplet carrier and conventional com- mercial agro-chemicals, the fog droplet carrier, surfactant, condensation nucleus ma- terial and antifreeze, dispersant, thickener and defoamer were screened and assem- bled to develop a thermal fog sedimentation stabilizer in this study, thereby provid- ing technical support for application and promotion of thermal spraying technology in pest and disease control in crops.

Experimental studies on pillar failure characteristics based on acoustic emission location technique

Acoustic emission （AE） technique is a useful tool for investigating rock damage mechanism, and is used to study the temporal-spatial evolution process of microcracks during the similar pillar material experiment. A combined AE location algorithm was developed based on the Least square algorithm and Geiger location algorithm. The pencil break test results show that the location precision can meet the demand of microcrack monitoring. The 3D location of AE events can directly reflect the process of initiation, propagation and evolutionary of microcracks. During the loading process, stress is much likely concentrated on the area between pillar and roof of the specimen, where belongs to danger zone of macroscopic failure. When rock reaches its plastic deformation stage, AE events begin to decrease, which indicates that AE quiet period can be seen as precursor characteristic of rock failure.

Study on Identification and Fermentation Condition of Strain ZY-19-2 with Inhibitory Effect against Tobacco Black Shank (Phytophtora parasitica var. nicotianae Tucker)

[Objective] The paper was to identify stain ZY-19-2 with inhibitory effect against tobacco black shank （Phytophtora parasitica var.nicotianae Tucker）, and study the fermentation condition of the strain. [Method]A strain ZY-19-2 with strong inhibitory effect against P. parasitica were isolated and screened from tobacco rhizosphere soil samples, and identified according to its morphological characteristics. The chitinase production activity of the strain under different culture conditions was also studied. [Result] For stain ZY-19-2 Paecilomyces lilacinus, the optimal fermentation conditions were as follows： 1.2% colloidal chitin as carbon source, 1% peptone as nitrogen source, 0.1% Tween 80 as surfactant, initial pH of fermentation broth at 6.0, the fermentation time of 60 h, inoculum amount at 1%, shaker speed at 120 r/min. The highest enzyme activity reached 0.216 U/ml. [Conclusion]The optimization of fermentation condition of strain ZY-19-2 lay foundation for large-scale production of cheap and efficient chitinase and chitin oligosaccharides, as well as application of the strain for control of tobacco black shank.

Effects of sonic speed on location accuracy of acoustic emission source in rocks

To quantitatively study the location errors induced by deviation of sonic speed, the line and plane location tests were carried out. A broken pencil was simulated as acoustic emission source in the rocks. The line and plane location tests were carried out in the granite rod using two sensors and the cube of marble using four sensors, respectively. To compare the position accuracy between line and plane positions, the line poison test was also carried out on the marble surface. The results show that for line positioning, the maximum error of absolute distance is about 0.8 cm. With the speed difference of 200 m/s, the average value of absolute difference from the position error is about 0.4 cm. For the plane positioning, in the case of the sensor array of 30 cm, the absolute positioning distance is up to 8.7 cm. It can be seen that the sonic speed seriously impacts on the plane positioning accuracy. The plane positioning error is lager than the line positioning error, which means that when the line position can satisfy the need in practical engineering, it is better to use the line position instead of the plane location. The plane positioning error with the diagonal speed is the minimum one.

Three-dimensional analytical solution of acoustic emission source location for cuboid monitoring network without pre-measured wave velocity

To find analytical solutions of nonlinear systems for locating the acoustic emission/microseismic（AE/MS） source without knowing the wave velocity of structures, the sensor location coordinates were simplified as a cuboid monitoring network. Different locations of sensors on upper and lower surfaces were considered and used to establish nonlinear equations. Based on the proposed functions of time difference of arrivals, the analytical solutions were obtained using five sensors under three networks. The proposed analytical solutions were validated using authentic data of numerical tests and experiments. The results show that located results are consistent with authentic data, and the outstanding characteristics of the new solution are that the solved process is not influenced by the wave velocity knowledge and iterated algorithms.

Activities, Quantitative Changes and Subcellular Localization of α-Amylase During Development of Apple Fruit

Starch degradation in cells is closely associated with cereal seed germination, photosynthesis in leaves, carbohydrate storage in tuberous roots, and fleshy fruit development. α_Amylase is considered as one of the key enzymes catalyzing starch breakdown, but up to date its role in starch breakdown in living cells remains unclear because the enzyme was often shown extrachloroplastic in living cells. The present experiment showed that α_amylase activity was progressively increasing concomitantly with the decreasing starch concentrations during the development of apple ( Malus domestica Borkh cv. Starkrimson) fruit. The apparent amount of α_amylase assessed by Western blotting also increased during the fruit development, which is consistent with the seasonal changes in the enzyme activity. The enzyme subcellular_localization studies via immunogold electron_ microscopy technique showed that α_amylase visualized by gold particles was predominantly located in plastids, but the gold particles were scarcely found in other subcellular compartments. A high density of the enzyme was observed at the periphery of starch granules during the middle and late developmental stages. These data proved that the enzyme is compartmented in its functional sites in the living cells of the fruit. The predominantly plastid_distributed pattern of α_amylase in cells was shown unchanged throughout the fruit development. The density of gold particles (α_amylase) in plastids was increasing during the fruit development, which is consistent with the results of Western blotting. So it is considered that α_amylase is involved in starch hydrolysis in plastids of the fruit cells.

Localization of Neuropeptidelike Substances During Embryonic Development in Amphibian

The localization of four neuropeptidelike substances during embryonic development in amphibian was studied by using immuno cytochemical technique. The cells with positive reaction appeared firstly in the endoderm cells during early tailbud stage, and then were detected in connective tissue at the outer portion of gastrointestinal tract during tadpole stage. In the nervous system, the cells with positive reaction were observed in cranial ganglion and glial cells at the outer margin of the brain and in the inner wall of ventricles. They were also frequently observed in the epidermis during late tailbud stage. The relationship between the appearance of neuropeptides in timespatial sequences and the development of nervous system, the neural crest origin of the cells with positive reaction, and the role of epidermal conductivity in neuropeptidelike cells in epiderms were discussed.

Three-dimensional analytical solution of acoustic emission or microseismic source location under cube monitoring network

To find the analytical solution of the acoustic emission/microseismic(AE/MS) source location coordinates, the sensor location coordinates were optimized and simplified. A cube monitoring network of sensor location was selected, and the AE/MS source localization equations were established. A location method with P-wave velocity by analytical solutions (P-VAS) was obtained with these equations. The virtual location tests show that the relocation results of analytical method are fully consistent with the actual coordinates for events both inside and outside the monitoring network; whereas the location error of traditional time difference method is between 0.01 and 0.03 m for events inside the sensor array, and the location errors are larger, which is up to 1080986 m for events outside the sensor array. The broken pencil location tests were carried out in the cross section of 100 mm×98 mm, 350 mm-length granite rock specimen using five AE sensors. Five AE sources were relocated with the conventional method and the P-VAS method. For the four events outside monitoring network, the positioning accuracy by P-VAS method is higher than that by the traditional method, and the location accuracy of the larger one can be increased by 17.61 mm. The results of both virtual and broken pencil location tests show that the proposed analytical solution is effective to improve the positioning accuracy. It can locate the coordinates of AE/MS source only using simple four arithmetic operations, without determining the fitting initial value and iterative calculation, which can be solved by a conventional calculator or Microsoft Excel.

Expression of the Thylakoid Membrane Localized PPF1 in Transgenic Arabidopsis Affects Chloroplast Development

PPF1 is a vegetative growth related gene that encodes a putative membrane protein having high homology with Arabidopsis chloroplast thylakoid protein ALB3. Immunoelectron microscopic assay showed that PPF1 was mainly localized in the thylakold membrane and was highly expressed in well-developed chloroplasts of short day (SD) grown G2 pea while having a very low abundance in chloroplasts of long day (LD) grown plants two weeks after flowering. Comparison of the leaf senescence processes in transgenic Arabidopsis and wild type plants revealed that overexpression of PPF1 delayed leaf senescence, while the depression of its Arabidopsts homologue (ALB3) with PPF1 antisense mRNA accelerated leaf senescence obviously. Ultrastructural analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed that when PPF1 was overexpressed in Arabidopsis, the chloroplasts were bigger and had much more grana and stroma thylakoid membranes than those of wild type plants. On the contrary, when PPF1 was expressed in antisense orientation to reduce the level of PPF1 homologue in Arabidopsis, the transgenic plants had smaller chloroplasts With less grana. and poorly developed thylakoid membrane systems. These results suggested that the developmental status of chloroplasts was positively correlated with the level of PPF1 or its Arabidopsts homologue, ALB3. Our results suggested that PPF1 gene might regulate plant development by controlling chloroplast development.

Stability monitoring and evaluation of the modeled test square for prehistoric earthen sites during excavation period

In order to explore the stability of test square during archaeological excavation for prehistoric earthen sites in Hangzhou, a modeled test square with 2. 3 min depth, inplane dimensions of 5 min width by 5 m in length, and an archaeological column in the middle was excavated by means of a top-down excavation technique. To investigate the stability performance of the modeled test square and the associated effect on the adjacent area, a real-time comprehensive instrumentation program was conducted during the excavation. Field observations included ground settlements, lateral displacement, pore pressure and underground water level. Monitoring data indicates that the ground settlement induced by dewatering and unloading action basically decreases with the increase of the distance away from the pit edge, and the lateral displacements at four sides showa nonlinear variation along the depth. The maximum value is far below the acceptable value regulated by the related standard,which validates the stability of the modeled test square during excavation. Variations of pore pressure and water level suggest that long-term stability should be paid more attention due to the slowconsolidation of soft soil. Meanwhile, it is proved that the step shape of the wall can resist lateral displacement more effectively than the vertical shape of wall. This case study provides insights into the real archaeological excavation in Hangzhou, in particular Liangzhu prehistoric earthen sites.

Lessons learned from the past serving as a guide for the future---On a state harmonious development from Naipaurs novel A bend in the river

Naipaul＇s novel A bend in the river illustrates the social confusion and people＇s destitution and wasting time in African countries after their national independence. An important reason is the president＇s self-publicity, tyrannical hess and destructiveness. Whereas the author＇s subjective suspicion is visible in democratic development of African countries. Indeed, in a country development, it is quite necessary to depend on its citizen, observing public feelings; controlling a state with science; benefiting citizen; utilizing resources; constructing homestead, intending creation with a harmonious and stable way.

Effects of in vitro subculture on the physiological characteristics of adventitious root formation in microshoots of Castanea mollissima cv.'yanshanhong'

Microshoots of Castanea mollissima cv.＇yanshanhong＇ in vitro acquired an enhanced rooting capability with increasing numbers of subculture.In this study,we investigated the effect of successive subculture on adventitious root formation in vitro by the determination of the endogenous hormone level and the enzyme activity.The levels of indoleacetic acid（IAA）,abscisic acid（ABA）,cytokinins（CTK） and gibberellic acid（GA3） were determined by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）,and the activities of indoleacetic acid oxidase（IAAO）,peroxidase oxidase（POD）,and polyphenol oxidase（PPO） were measured by ultraviolet-spectrophotometer assay after the induction of rooting at 2nd,4th,6th and 8th subculture.The relationships between physiological characteristics and subculture numbers or rooting rate were as follows：The levels of endogenous IAA in microshoots gradually increased,and endogenous levels of ABA,CTK and GA3 in microshoots decreased slightly after serial subcultures.The level of IAA was highly correlated with subculture numbers and rooting rates.The ratios of IAA/ABA and IAA/CTK both acutely raised with increasing rooting rate during successive subcultures and had high correlations with rooting rate.The activity of IAAO and POD are significantly negatively related with subculture numbers,and the activity of PPO increased after subcultures.

Structure identification for compound I separated and purified from taxoids-produced endophytic fungi (Alternaria. alternata var. taxi 1011)

Endophytic fungi are widely found in almost all kinds of plants. Many endophytic fungi can produce some physio-logical active compounds, which are same to or analog to those isolated from their hosts. Producing physiological active com-pounds through microbial fermentation can give a new way to resolve resource limitation and to find out alternative source. Through the methods of organic solvent extraction, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography, compound I was isolated, purified from the liquid fermentation metabolites of the taxoids-produced endophytic fungi (Alternaria. alternata var. taxi 1011 Y. Xiang et LU An-guo) that was screened from the bark of Taxus. cuspidata Sieb.et Zucc.. Compound I was identified as one kind of taxoids type III, based on the analyzing results by using the methods of ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). This study provides a com-pleted method for separation and purification of the endophytic fungi as well as structure identification of its fermentation me-tabolite