惯性沉降分离室内三维定常气流流动数值计算

为了解气流在4ZTL-1800型割前摘脱稻(麦)联合收获机惯性沉降分离室内的运动规律,从流体力学和湍流理论出发,建立了气体运动微分方程式及k-ε湍流模型,并利用Fluent软件对惯性沉降分离室内三维定常气流进行了数值计算,得到了气体在惯性沉降分离室内的流动特征。根据其特征对分离室结构进行了改进设计,数值计算结果表明改进后惯性沉降分离室内的气流流场得到了改善。

圆锥形细管中恒温定常气流的状态分析

本文对圆锥形细管中恒温定常气流的状态方程进行了分析，指出了气体在圆锥形细管中保持恒温定常流动状态时入流速度的容许范围，并分别讨论了当入流速度充分小或充分大时管内及出口处气流的速度和气体的密度状况。

舰船非定常气流场数值模拟

以SFS为研究对象,选择空间三阶MUSCL格式离散／动量插值法、二阶隐式时间积分方案、Smagorinsky-Lilly LES湍流模型对舰船气流场进行数值模拟.对结构网格密度进行敏感性检查,确保边界层网格在10层以上及y＋取值在101~102.将风速放大到0.3Ma,采用计算机集群进行并行解算,对非定常速度及其脉动值进行时频域转换,考察流场的谱特征.无量纲化的结果表明,SFS流场速度的脉动十分剧烈,非定常速度的时间平均与定常计算结果局部存在较大差异,最大为10%左右;且定常计算结果相对非定常时间平均值偏小,SFS流场的湍流能量集中在1 Hz以下.采用已有试验结果对仿真进行初步验证,结果表明仿真具有较高的可信度.

气动管道中压力波的传播特性分析

利用一维非定常气流理论,建立了管道中气体传播的分布式参数模型,采用迎风差分的方法进行数值计算,并通过实验结果与模型仿真结果的比较,验证了该模型的正确性.通过改变管道直径、气源速度、入口压强和仿真空间步长等初始条件,模拟不同特性的管道,对仿真结果进行比较分析,得到不同波形的压力波在不同管道中传播的特性.结果表明:利用压力波测流量时,应采用下弦波或矩形波.

某单级压气机试验件叶顶碰摩特性研究

对某型压气机单级试验件气动性能试验中轴系振动特性进行了监测与分析,结果表明,背压变化会导致动叶叶顶与机匣发生碰摩现象,引发轴系低频高幅冲击振动,并给出了引发该型压气机叶顶碰摩的主要因素,以及避免碰摩引起高幅振动的主要改进措施,为轴流压气机级气动特性试验的安全运行提供参考.

大速度桨毂振动载荷预计的影响因素

依据直升机大速度前飞状态的气动环境和桨叶运动,分析了非定常气动力模型、动态失速模型、诱导速度分布、桨叶弹性变形、桨毂力合成以及数值计算方法对旋翼振动载荷预计的影响.将Leishman和Beddoes气动模型、动态入流理论和桨叶挥舞运动综合计入载荷模型中,采用状态空间法对方程进行离散化处理,编制了相应的计算程序.计算结果表明采用不同的分析模型对旋翼振动载荷预计有较大影响,翼型失速是主要影响因素.

热释放对COIL流场影响的实验

以往氧碘激光装置扩压段的设计是建立在常温定常气流条件下，没有考虑含能粒子的热释放，对于采用真空罐作为压力恢复系统的COIL装置而言，其性能优劣不能完全体现。因为真空罐可保证工作背压很低，光腔和超扩段内基本是超音速流动，静压很低，虽存在热释放造成气流总温的升高，但还可保持光腔和超扩段内静温较低，因此热释放对气流的负面效应没有完全体现。但在高背压条件下(如采用引射器作为压力恢复系统)，超扩段内气流速度减慢，热释放效应得以充分体现。

A New Differential Quadrature Methodology Based on Bernstein Polynomials for Solving the Equations Governing the Unsteady Flow of a Polytropic Gas

Aims of this paper are to improve ADI differential quadrature method （ADI-DQM） based on Bernstein polynomials and add a new application to the differential quadrature method. By using the new methodology, the numerical solutions of the governing equations of unsteady two-dimensional flow of a polytropic gas are investigated. The numerical results reveal that the new technique is very effective and gives high accuracy, good convergence and reasonable stability.

Study on conditions of internally carried air-launched launch vehicles based on the virtual prototype technology

A method based on the virtual prototype technology simulating the separation of a launch vehicle from its aircraft in the aircraft wake was proposed based on the internally carried air-launched launch vehicle program.In this method,the full-scale model of the aircraft,the vehicle and the parachute are constructed.Then,they are imported into the ADAMS software,constraint solutions and driving forces are then added for visual dynamic simulation.The unsteady aerodynamic forces of the vehicle in the aircraft wake are calculated by CFD and the moving grid technique.The forces generated by the parachute can be derived from the Kirchhoff motion equation.Through comparing and analyzing the simulation results under different launch conditions,it has been proven that this method simulates the separation of a launch vehicle from the aircraft in the aircraft wake accurately.It provides the foundation for the aggregate project of internally carried air-launch vehicles,and offers a new referenced method for multi-body dynamic simulation.

A New Unsteady Fluid Network Approach to Simulate the Characteristics of the Air System of a Gas Turbine System

In this paper, a novel unsteady fluid network simulation method to compute the air system of jet engine was coded to predict the characteristics of pressure, temperature and mass flow rate of the flow and the temperature of the solid in the gas turbine engine. The fluid and solid areas are divided into the network comprised of branches and nodes, and the method solves transient mass, energy conservation equations at each node and momentum conservation equation at each branch by a newly deduced numerical method. With this method, to simulate complicated fluid and solid system in short time becomes possible. To verify the code developed, it has been applied to simulate a gas turbine model against the widely used commercial software Flowmaster. And the comparisons show that the two are in good agreement. Then the verified program is applied to the prediction of the characteristics of a designed turbine disk and air-cooling system associated to it, and useful information is obtained.

Counter Rotating Fans- An Aircraft Propulsion for the Future?

In the mid seventies a new propulsor for aircraft was designed and investigated - the so-called PROPFAN. With regard to the total pressure increase, it ranges between a conventional propeller and a turbofan with very high bypass ratio. This new propulsion system promised a reduction in fuel consumption of 15 to 25% compared to engines at that time.A lot of propfans (Hamilton Standard, USA) with different numbers of blades and blade shapes have been designed and tested in wind tunnels in order to find an optimum in efficiency, Fig.1. Parallel to this development GE, USA, made a design of a counter rotating unducted propfan, the so-called UDF, Fig.2. A prototype engine was manufactured and investigated on an in-flight test bed mounted at the MD82 and the B727. Since that time there has not been any further development of propfans (except AN 70 with NK 90-engine, Ukraine, which is more or less a propeller design) due to relatively low fuel prices and technical obstacles. Only technical programs in different countries are still going on in order to prepare a data base for designing counter rotating fans in terms of aeroacoustics, aerodynamics and aeroelasticities. In DLR, Germany, a lot of experimental and numerical work has been undertaken to understand the physical behaviour of the unsteady flow in a counter rotating fan.

Numerical investigation of an advanced aircraft model during pitching motion at high incidence

An unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes(URANS) method combined with a rigid dynamic mesh technique was developed to simulate unsteady flows around complex configurations during pitching motion. First, a test case with the NACA0012 airfoil was selected to validate the numerical methods and our in-house codes. Then, we evaluated the unsteady flows around an advanced aircraft model during harmonic pitching motion at high incidence. The effects of pitching motion on the hysteresis of aerodynamic force, the evolution of the leading-edge vortex, and the distribution of pressure on the model's surface were analyzed in detail. The roles of several significant parameters such as the reduced frequency and pitching amplitude were revealed. Several conclusions were found: pitching motion would delay the initiation of the leading-edge vortex, strengthen the vorticity, postpone the occurrence of vortex breakdown, and weaken the massively separated flows, thus causing additional aerodynamic force. Two categories of critical reduced frequency have been found, which divide the influence of reduced frequency on aerodynamic force into three stages, called the linear increasing range, slowly increasing range, and constant range. The first-order phase lag between the aerodynamic force and the incidence is a constant that is independent of the amplitude when the reduced frequency is sufficiently high. A scaled maximum value of C_L is proposed; it depends only on the reduced frequency(instead of the amplitude), and increases linearly when the reduced frequency is sufficiently low.

Linear Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces on Vibrating Annular Cascade Blades

The paper presents the formulation to compute numerically the unsteady aerodynamic forces on the vibrating annular cascade blades.The formulation is based on the finite volume method.By applying the TVD scheme to the linear unsteady calculations,the precise calculation of the peak of unsteady aerodynamic forces at the shock wave location like the delta function singularity becomes possible without empirical constants.As a further feature of the present paper,results of the present numerical calculation are compared with those of the double linearization theory(DLT),which assumes small unsteady and steady disturbances but the unsteady disturbances are much smaller than the steady disturbances.Since DLT requires far less computational resources than the present numerical calculation,the validation of DLT is quite important from the engineering point of view.Under the conditions of small steady disturbances,a good agreement between these two results is observed,so that the two codes are cross-validated.The comparison also reveals the limitation on the applicability of DLT.

A Study on the Gas-Solid Particle Flows in a Needle-Free Drug Delivery Device

Different systems have been used over the years to deliver drug particles to the human skin for pharmaceutical effect. Research has been done to improve the performance and flexibility of these systems. In recent years a unique system called the transdermal drug delivery has been developed. Transdermal drug delivery opened a new door in the field of drug delivery as it is more flexible and offers better performance than the conventional systems. The principle of this system is to accelerate drug particles with a high speed gas flow. Among different transdermal drug delivery systems we will concentrate on the contour shock tube system in this paper. A contoured shock tube is consists of a rupture chamber, a shock tube and a supersonic nozzle section. The drug particles are retained between a set of bursting diaphragm. When the diaphragm is ruptured at a certain pressure, a high speed unsteady flow is initiated through the shock tube which accelerates the particles. Computational fluid dynamics is used to simulate and analyze the flow field. The DPM (discrete phase method) is used to model the particle flow. As an unsteady flow is initiated though the shock tube the drag correlation proposed by Igra et al is used other than the standard drag correlation. The particle velocities at different sections including the nozzle exit are investigated under different operating conditions. Static pressure histories in different sections in the shock tube are investigated to analyze the flow field. The important aspects of the gas and particle dynamics in the shock tube are discussed and analyzed in details.

Investigation of the aeroacoustic behavior and aerodynamic noise of a high-speed train pantograph

As one of the main aerodynamic noise sources of high-speed trains, the pantograph is a complex structure containing many components, and the flow around it is extremely dynamic, with high-level turbulence. This study analyzed the near-field unsteady flow around a pantograph using a large-eddy simulation(LES) with high-order finite difference schemes. The far-field aerodynamic noise from a pantograph was predicted using a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)/Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H) acoustic analogy. The surface oscillating pressure data were also used in a boundary element method(BEM) acoustic analysis to predict the aerodynamic noise sources of a pantograph and the far-field sound radiation. The results indicated that the main aerodynamic noise sources of the pantograph were the panhead, base frame and knuckle. The panhead had the largest contribution to the far-field aerodynamic noise of the pantograph. The vortex shedding from the panhead generated tonal noise with the dominant peak corresponding to the vortex shedding frequency and the oscillating lift force exerted back on the fluid around the panhead.Additionally, the peak at the second harmonic frequency was associated with the oscillating drag force. The contribution of the knuckle-downstream direction to the pantograph aerodynamic noise was less than that of the knuckle-upstream direction of the pantograph, and the average sound pressure level(SPL) was 3.4 dBA. The directivity of the noise radiated exhibited a typical dipole pattern in which the noise directivity was obvious at the horizontal plane of θ=0°,the longitudinal plane of θ=120°,and the vertical plane of θ=90°.

A Study of the Unsteady Tip Flow Field of a Transonic Compressor

An experimental investigation on the unsteady tip flow field of a transonic compressor rotor has been performed.The casing-mounted high frequency response pressure transducers were arranged along both the blade chord and the blade pitch.The chord-wise ones were used to indicate both the ensemble averaged and time varying flow structure of the tip region of the rotor at different operating points under 95% design speed and 60% design speed.The pitch-wise circumferential transducers were mainly used to analyze the unsteadiness frequency of the tip leakage flow in the rotor frame at the near stall condition.The contours of casing wall pressure show that there were two clear low pressure regions in blade passages,one along the chord direction,caused by the leakage flow and the other along the tangential direction,maybe caused by the forward swept leading edge.Both low pressure regions were originated from the leading edge and formed a scissor-like flow pattern.At 95% design speed condition,the shock wave interacted with the low pressure region and made the flow field unsteady.With the mass flow reduced,the two low pressure regions gradually contracted to the leading edge and then a spike disturbance emerged.

Unsteady flow structures in the tip region for a centrifugal compressor impeller before rotating stall

To get an insight into the occurrence and the mechanism of flow unsteadiness in the tip region of centrifugal compressor impellers, the flow in Krain’s impeller is investigated by using both steady and unsteady RANS solver techniques. It is found that the flow unsteadiness on the pressure side is much stronger than that on the suction side. The periodical frequency of the unsteady flow is around half of the blade passing frequency. The originating mechanism of the flow unsteadiness is illustrated with the time-dependent tip leakage flow and blade loading at the tip region. Due to the blockage caused by the joint effects of broken-downed tip leakage vortex, separated fluids and tip leakage flow at downstream, a low pressure region is formed on the pressure side, consequently the blade loadings is altered. In turn, the changed blade loadings will alter the intensity of tip leakage flow. Such alternative behavior finally results in the periodic process. By comparing the calculated flow field in the cases of single-passage and four-passage models, it is confirmed that the investigated flow unsteadiness is confined in each single passage, as no phase differences are found in the model of four passages. This is different from the situation in axial compressor when the rotating instability is encountered. The flow unsteadiness only occurs at the working conditions with small mass flow rates, and the oscillation intensity will be enhanced with the decrease of mass flow rate. When the mass flow rate is too small, the flow unsteadiness in a single passage may trigger rotating stall, as the disturbance propagates in the circumferential direction.

Numerical Simulation of Clocking Effect on Blade Unsteady Aerodynamic Force in Axial Turbine

To give an insight into the clocking effect and its influence on the wake transportation and its interaction, the unsteady three-dimensional flow through a 1.5-stage axial low pressure turbine is simulated numerically by using a density-correction based, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations commercial CFD code. The 2nd stator clocking is applied over ten equal tangential positions. The results show that the harmonic blade number ratio is an important factor affecting the clocking effect. The clocking effect has very small influence on the turbine efficiency in this investigation. The difference between the maximum and minimum efficiency is about 0.1%. The maximum efficiency can be achieved when the 1st stator wake enters the 2nd stator passage near blade suction surface and its adjacent wake passes through the 2nd stator passage close to blade pressure surface. The minimum efficiency appears if the 1st stator wake impinges upon the leading edge of the 2nd stator and its adjacent wake of the 1st stator passes through the mid-channel in the 2nd stator. The wake convective transportation and the blade circulation variation due to its impingement on the subsequent blade are the main mechanism affecting the pressure variation in blade surface.

Coexisting Phenomena of Surge and Rotating Stall in an Axial Flow Compressor

The unsteady inner flow structure of a single-stage axial flow compressor under the coexisting conditions of surge and rotating stall was experimentally investigated via detailed measurements of the unsteady characteristics and the internal flow velocity fluctuations. The main relevant feature of the tested compressor is a shock tube with a capacity tank connected in series to the compressor outlet through slits and a concentric duplex pipe: surge and rotating stall can both be generated by connecting the shock tube. Research attention is focused on the unsteady behavior of a rotating stall during the surge cycle. The size of the rotating stall cell during the recovery process of an irregular surge cycle was experimentally determined by the circumferential flow velocity fluctuations ahead of the rotor blade. The results suggested that the size of the rotating stall cell at the switching point of the performance curve between large and small cycles is considered to be the key parameter in determining the following surge cycle. In addition, the surge cycle is largely influenced by the unsteady behavior of the rotating stall cell.